Tamper-resistant dosage form containing one or more particles

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprising one or more particles, wherein each of said one or more particles
         comprises a pharmacologically active ingredient and a physiologically acceptable polymer;   has a breaking strength of at least 300 N;   has a weight of at least 2 mg; and   optionally, comprises a film-coating;
 
wherein the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form is greater than the total weight of said one or more particles.

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/287,512, filed May 27, 2014, now allowed, which claims priority of European Patent Application No. 13 169 658.5, filed on May 29, 2013, and of European Patent Application No. 14 160 958.6, filed on Mar. 20, 2014, the entire contents of which patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprising one or more particles, wherein each of said one or more particles comprises a pharmacologically active ingredient and a physiologically acceptable polymer; has a breaking strength of at least 300 N; has a weight of at least 2 mg; and optionally, comprises a film-coating; wherein the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form is greater than the total weight of said one or more particles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A large number of pharmacologically active ingredients have a potential for being abused or misused, i.e. they can be used to produce effects which are not consistent with their intended use. Thus, e.g. opioids which exhibit an excellent efficacy in controlling severe to extremely severe pain, are frequently abused to induce euphoric states similar to being intoxicated. In particular, active substances which have a psychotropic effect are abused accordingly.

To enable abuse, the corresponding pharmaceutical dosage forms, such as pharmaceutical dosage forms or capsules are crushed, for example ground by the abuser, the active substance is extracted from the thus obtained powder using a preferably aqueous liquid and after being optionally filtered through cotton wool or cellulose wadding, the resultant solution is administered parenterally, in particular intravenously. This type of dosage results in an even faster diffusion of the active substance compared to the oral abuse, with the result desired by the abuser, namely the kick. This kick or these intoxication-like, euphoric states are also reached if the powdered pharmaceutical dosage form is administered nasally, i.e. is sniffed.

Various concepts for the avoidance of drug abuse have been developed.

It has been proposed to incorporate in pharmaceutical dosage forms aversive agents and/or antagonists in a manner so that they only produce their aversive and/or antagonizing effects when the pharmaceutical dosage forms are tampered with. However, the presence of such aversive agents is principally not desirable and there is a need to provide sufficient tamper-resistance without relying on aversive agents and/or antagonists.

Another concept to prevent abuse relies on the mechanical properties of the pharmaceutical dosage forms, particularly an increased breaking strength (resistance to crushing). The major advantage of such pharmaceutical dosage forms is that comminuting, particularly pulverization, by conventional means, such as grinding in a mortar or fracturing by means of a hammer, is impossible or at least substantially impeded. Thus, the pulverization, necessary for abuse, of the pharmaceutical dosage forms by the means usually available to a potential abuser is prevented or at least complicated. Such pharmaceutical dosage forms are useful for avoiding drug abuse of the pharmacologically active ingredient contained therein, as they may not be powdered by conventional means and thus, cannot be administered in powdered form, e.g. nasally. The mechanical properties, particularly the high breaking strength of these pharmaceutical dosage forms renders them tamper-resistant. In the context of such tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms it can be referred to, e.g., WO 2005/016313, WO 2005/016314, WO 2005/063214, WO 2005/102286, WO 2006/002883, WO 2006/002884, WO 2006/002886, WO 2006/082097, WO 2006/082099, and WO2009/092601.

In the course of manufacture of such tamper-resistant dosage forms having an increased breaking strength, the starting materials are typically mixed and then subjected to heat and force, i.e. thermoformed, wherein the force may be exerted prior to, simultaneously with, and/or subsequently to the application of heat. The thermoforming process, however, yields intermediates that already exhibit the desired breaking strength but need to be subsequently converted into dosage forms in an additional process step e.g. by means of conventional tabletting machines. For example, when thermoforming involves hot-melt extrusion technology, the extruded strand exiting the extruder die is cooled and cut into pieces, typically of cylindrical shape. Such intermediate cylinders, however, are not marketed as such, because they do not have the desired rounded shape. The edges of the cut surfaces may be comparatively sharp and do not comply with the general requirements concerning the outer shape of pharmaceutical dosage forms that are intended for oral administration. Shaping the intermediates into the final dosage forms that are optionally film-coated subsequently requires high pressure in order to achieve the desired form and shape. These high pressures are close to the upper pressure limit of the tabletting machines. The compression may cause fracture of the punches and may also have a negative impact on the properties of the dosage form, particularly storage stability, shelf-life and release characteristics. Further, the intermediate cylinders need to be accurately placed between the punches thus limiting the overall speed of the continuous process. Furthermore, as the intermediate cylinders are typically processed without adding exterior excipients, there are no lubricants that can provide a lubricating effect during compression and shaping by means of the tabletting machines.

Additionally, in the course of manufacture of such tamper-resistant dosage forms having an increased breaking strength, the thus obtained shaped tablets are often subsequently film-coated in an additional process step in order to color, improve appearance, increase storage stability, and the like. The coating process, however, often requires increased temperatures and when subjecting the tablets to these increased temperatures for the time that is required for coating, this may have a detrimental effect on stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the excipients. Further, the coating step may undesirably entrain residual solvents into the dosage forms. Furthermore, the number of different colors that are available for coating materials is limited. It has been found that when directly applying a colored film coating on the thermoformed dosage forms, the dyes in the film coating, especially azo dyes, tend to discoloration by oxidation and other mechanisms upon storage. It appears that undesired discoloration is caused by the excipients that are usually contained in the thermoformed dosage forms in order to achieve the desired breaking strength such as polyalkylene oxides. Thus, when applying a film coating to thermoformed intermediates, either specific dyes need to be employed, e.g. dyes based on iron oxides, thereby substantially limiting the number of available colors, or a laborious protective layer is needed between the thermoformed core and the outer colored film coating in order to prevent discoloration of the dyes.

Another property of conventional tamper-resistant dosage forms is that they cannot be spontaneously chewed by a patient prior to swallowing. This is a matter of the increased breaking strength which provides tamper-resistance. However, in order to even further improve patient compliance it can be desirable to allow a certain degree of chewability without at the same time to deteriorate tamper-resistance.

In certain instances it would also be desirable to provide a series of tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms that can be easily manufactured and the composition of which can be easily varied e.g. with respect of dosage of active pharmaceutical ingredient, nature of active pharmaceutical ingredient, combinations of more than a single active pharmaceutical ingredient, release characteristics, and the like.

When conventional tamper-resistant dosage forms contain a comparatively high dose of active pharmaceutical ingredient, they tend to become comparatively large. This is because tamper-resistance often relies on the presence of polymers that are responsible for the improved mechanical strength of the dosage forms and that serve as prolonged release matrices in which the active pharmaceutical ingredient is embedded. Many patients, however, have problems in swallowing large pharmaceutically dosage forms. Thus, it would be desirable to provide tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms that can be divided into subunits which can be swallowed separately without altering drug release and without deteriorating tamper-resistance.

Besides tampering of pharmaceutical dosage forms in order to abuse the drugs contained therein, the potential impact of concomitant intake of ethanol on the in vivo release of drugs from modified release oral formulations (dose-dumping) has recently become an increasing concern. Controlled or modified release formulations typically contain a higher amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient relative to its immediate release counterpart. If the controlled release portion of the formulation is easily defeated, the end result is a potential increase in exposure to the active drug and possible safety concerns. In order to improve safety and circumvent intentional tampering (e.g. dissolving a controlled release pharmaceutical dosage form in ethanol to extract the drug), a reduction in the dissolution of the modified release fractions of such formulations, in ethanol, may be of benefit.

Accordingly, the need exists to develop new formulations having reduced potential for dose dumping in alcohol.

Furthermore, the release kinetics of the pharmacologically active ingredients is an important factor. It is well known that depending on how a pharmaceutically pharmacologically active ingredient is formulated into a tablet its release pattern can be modified.

On the one hand, formulations providing immediate release upon oral administration have the advantage that they lead to a fast release of the pharmacologically active ingredient in the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, a comparatively high dose of the pharmacologically active ingredient is quickly absorbed leading to high plasma levels within a short period of time and resulting in a rapid onset of medicinal action, i.e. medicinal action begins shortly after administration. At the same time, however, a rapid reduction in the medicinal action is observed, because metabolization and/or excretion of the pharmacologically active ingredient cause a decrease of plasma levels. For that reason, formulations providing immediate release of pharmacologically active ingredients typically need to be administered frequently, e.g. six times per day. This may cause comparatively high peak plasma pharmacologically active ingredient concentrations and high fluctuations between peak and trough plasma pharmacologically active ingredient concentrations which in turn may deteriorate tolerability.

Controlled release (e.g. delayed release, prolonged release, sustained release, and the like) may be based upon various concepts such as coating the pharmaceutical dosage form with a controlled release membrane, embedding the pharmacologically active ingredient in a matrix, binding the pharmacologically active ingredient to an ion-exchange resin, forming a complex of the pharmacologically active ingredient, and the like. In this context it can be referred to, e.g., W. A. Ritschel, Die Tablette, 2. Auflage, Editio Cantor Verlag Aulendorf, 2002.

In comparison to formulations providing immediate release, formulations providing prolonged release upon oral administration have the advantage that they need to be administered less frequently, typically once daily or twice daily. This can reduce peak plasma pharmacologically active ingredient concentrations and fluctuations between peak and trough plasma pharmacologically active ingredient concentrations which in turn may improve tolerability.

US 2009/0005408 relates to a process for the production of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms with at least reduced potential for abuse, by a) shaping a formulation mixture containing at least one active ingredient with potential for abuse and at least one physiologically acceptable polymer, which exhibits a breaking strength of at least 500 N, into formed articles by application of force, b) optionally singulating the formed articles and optionally in each case grading them by size and, c) after or during heating at least to the softening point of the physiologically acceptable polymer, exposing the formed articles to force until they have a breaking hardness of at least 500 N, optionally providing them with a cover and optionally mixing all the formed articles back together again.

US 2009/0022798 discloses formulations and methods for the delivery of drugs, particularly drugs of abuse, having an abuse-relevant drug substantially confined in the core and a non-abuse relevant drug in a non-core region. These formulations have reduced potential for abuse. In the formulation, preferably the abuse relevant drug is an opioid and the non-abuse relevant drug is acetaminophen or ibuprofen. More preferably, the opioid is hydrocodone, and the non-abuse relevant analgesic is acetaminophen. In certain preferred embodiments, the dosage forms are characterized by resistance to solvent extraction; tampering, crushing or grinding. Certain embodiments relate to dosage forms providing an initial burst of release of drug followed by a prolonged period of controllable drug release. When providing these dosage forms with tamper-resistant properties, however, the initial burst of release of drug is difficult to achieve, as tamper-resistance typically relies on the presence of polymers that act as release matrix material slowing down the release of the drug from the dosage form. The non-core layer of said drug product is explicitly applied using a film-coating process. A film-coating process is disadvantageous due to the high cost it produces during manufacturing. The film-forming layer material is first dissolved, then sprayed on the core and finally the solvent is removed, all leading to long process times with high energy consumption. Due to the high amount of active that needs to be present in the film-layer, this is a significant disadvantage for a cost-competitive manufacturing of the drug product.

WO 2010/140007 is drawn to a dosage form, particularly a tamper resistant dosage form, comprising: melt-extruded particulates comprising a drug; and a matrix; wherein said melt-extruded particulates are present as a discontinuous phase in said matrix.

WO 2013/017234 relates to a tamper-resistant tablet comprising a matrix material in an amount of more than one third of the total weight of the tablet; and a plurality of coated particulates in an amount of less than two thirds of the total weight of the tablet; wherein said particulates comprise a pharmacologically active compound and a physiologically acceptable polymer, preferably a polyalkylene oxide; and form a discontinuous phase within the matrix material; which preferably provides under in vitro conditions immediate release of the pharmacologically active compound in accordance with Ph. Eur.

The properties of the pharmaceutical dosage forms of the prior art are not satisfactory in every respect.

It is an object of the invention to provide pharmaceutical dosage forms which have advantages over the pharmaceutical dosage forms of the prior art.

This object has been achieved by the subject-matter described hereinbelow.

A first aspect of the invention relates to a tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprising one or more particles, wherein each of said one or more particles

-   -   comprises a pharmacologically active ingredient and a         physiologically acceptable polymer;     -   has a breaking strength of at least 300 N;     -   has a weight of at least 2 mg; and     -   optionally, comprises a film-coating;         wherein the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form is         greater than the total weight of said one or more particles.

It has been surprisingly found that tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms can be provided, which do not require press-forming of a thermoformed intermediate and thus, are easier to manufacture. The crude intermediate that is obtained e.g. by thermoforming such as hot-melt extrusion can be incorporated in the pharmaceutical dosage form as such. Subsequent process steps following thermoforming can be omitted, particularly shaping of the thermoformed intermediate by means of a tabletting tool and film coating. In this regard, it has also been surprisingly found that standard equipment for the manufacture of pharmaceutical dosage forms can be used, thus facilitating the manufacture of the dosage forms.

Further, it has been surprisingly found that the advantages conventionally achieved by film-coating can alternatively be achieved, e.g. by placing the thermoformed intermediates in capsules. In this regard, it has also been surprisingly found that placing the thermoformed intermediates in capsules is advantageous compared to film coating. The dyes are neither limited to specific dyes such as iron oxides nor is a protective layer needed in order to ensure color stability of the dyes contained in the capsules. Thus, when placing the one or more thermoformed intermediates in capsules according to the invention, neither laborious press-forming nor laborious two-layered film coating is needed and the full range of admitted dyes including azo compounds can be used in order to provide the dosage forms with any desired color or combination of colors, e.g. one part of the capsule in a first color, the other part of the capsule in a second color.

Still further, it has been surprisingly found that tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms can be provided that can be chewed to a certain degree without significantly deteriorating tamper-resistance and without significantly altering drug release. The one or more particles contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form cannot be spontaneously chewed and thus, provide satisfactory tamper-resistance. The overall pharmaceutical dosage form, however, does not have a significantly increased breaking strength such that it can be chewed to a certain degree, until chewing disrupts the pharmaceutical dosage form to the level of the one or more particles. Yet further, it has been surprisingly found that tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms can be provided which can be divided into subunits that can be swallowed separately without altering drug release and without deteriorating tamper-resistance. Patient compliance can thus be improved. In particular, it has been unexpectedly found that when dividing the total dose of the pharmacologically active ingredient that is contained in a single particle providing tamper-resistance into 2 or 3 subunits, the release profile is not significantly altered and the tamper-resistance is maintained. This is particularly surprising as one would typically expect that when decreasing the particle size, release would be accelerated and tamper-resistance such as breaking strength and extractability would be deteriorated.

Moreover, it has been surprisingly found that a large variety of tamper-resistant dosage forms can be easily provided simply by combining different particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient. Said different particles may differ in the nature of the pharmacologically active ingredient, the dose of the pharmacologically active ingredient, the release profile of the pharmacologically active ingredient, and the like. By combining these properties with one another, tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms can be tailored for any specific use.

Furthermore, it has been surprisingly found that tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms can be provided which can be easily manufactured and the composition of which can be easily varied e.g. with respect of dosage of active pharmaceutical ingredient, nature of active pharmaceutical ingredient, combinations of more than a single active pharmaceutical ingredient, release characteristics, and the like.

Unless expressly stated otherwise, all percentages are by weight (wt.-%).

For the purpose of specification, the term “pharmaceutical dosage form” refers to a pharmaceutical entity which contains the pharmacologically active ingredient and which is to be administered to a patient (dose unit). It may be compressed or molded during manufacture, and it may be of almost any size, shape, weight, and color. The pharmaceutical dosage form is preferably solid or semisolid.

The pharmaceutical dosage form is preferably intended for oral administration. It is preferably provided in form of a single body that can be easily swallowed by a patient. Typical examples of pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention include, but are not limited to tablets and capsules.

The tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises one or more particles.

For the purpose of specification, any property of each of the “one or more particles” does not mean that any particle that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form must exhibit this property. It is sufficient that the one or more particles containing the pharmacologically active ingredient and the physiologically acceptable polymer that have a weight of at least 2 mg and a breaking strength of at least 300 N, i.e. optionally a subgroup of all particles contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form, exhibit such property.

For the purpose of specification, the term “particle” as used herein refers to a piece of matter, namely any physically distinct particulate entity of the pharmaceutical dosage form that contains the pharmacologically active ingredient as well as the physiologically acceptable polymer and that can be distinguished from another physically distinct entity of the pharmaceutical dosage form. Preferably, every particle is solid or semisolid.

The one or more particles of the pharmaceutical dosage form preferably do not consist of the pharmacologically active ingredient and the physiologically acceptable polymer, but contain further ingredients such as pharmaceutical excipients. Thus, the one or more particles can be regarded as greater units of compacted, granulated, congealed or otherwise agglomerated material, comprising inter alia but preferably not consisting of the pharmacologically active ingredient and the physiologically acceptable polymer.

In a preferred embodiment, besides the pharmacologically active ingredient and the physiologically acceptable polymer the one or more particles comprise another, i.e. second pharmacologically active ingredient. In another preferred embodiment, besides the pharmacologically active ingredient and the physiologically acceptable polymer the one or more particles do not comprise another, i.e. second pharmacologically active ingredient; preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form does not contain another, i.e. second pharmacologically active ingredient and/or the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient is contained in the one or more particles, i.e. preferably neither a portion of the pharmacologically active ingredient nor another, i.e. second pharmacologically active ingredient, is present outside the one or more particles.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, none of the one or more particles simultaneously comprises hydromorphone together with naloxone or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof.

Preferably, the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is contained in the one or more particles, i.e. the pharmaceutical dosage form preferably does not contain other physically distinct entities containing the pharmacologically active ingredient. For example, when the pharmaceutical dosage form is a capsule filled with the one or more particles, the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles, and preferably neither a portion of the pharmacologically active ingredient nor another, i.e. second pharmacologically active ingredient, is present outside the one or more particles but inside the capsule.

Preferably, the total amount of the physiologically acceptable polymer that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is contained in the one or more particles, i.e. the pharmaceutical dosage form preferably does not contain other physically distinct entities containing the physiologically acceptable polymer.

Besides the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, the one or more particles preferably differ from any other physically distinct entity of the pharmaceutical dosage form in at least one of the following properties and can be distinguished by said property: composition of ingredients (e.g. nature and/or amount), total weight, density, hardness, breaking strength, size, shape, color, morphology, coherence (e.g. monolithic mass vs. multitude of particulates) and/or porosity.

The total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form is greater than the total weight of the one or more particles. This means that the pharmaceutical dosage form contains other constituents besides the one or more particles, but does not exclusively consist of the one or more particles. For example, when the pharmaceutical dosage form is a capsule, it additionally comprises the capsule material, e.g. hard gelatine. When the pharmaceutical dosage form is a tablet, it additionally comprises excipients, e.g. fillers, binders, lubricants and the like.

Preferably the total weight of the one or more particles is at least 50 wt.-%, more preferably at least 60 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 70 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 75 wt.-%, even more preferably at least 80 wt.-%, most preferably at least 85 wt.-%, and in particular at least 90 wt.-% of the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

For the purpose of specification, “further excipient(s)” generally refers to additional matter of the pharmaceutical dosage form that is present in addition to the one or more particles and that causes the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form to be greater than the total weight of the one or more particles. Thus, “further excipient(s)” includes the capsule material when the pharmaceutical dosage form is a capsule, as well as fillers, binders, lubricants, and the like, when the pharmaceutical dosage form is a tablet.

Accordingly, the total volume of the pharmaceutical dosage form is preferably greater than the total volume of the one or more particles.

Preferably, each of the one or more particles of the pharmaceutical dosage form covers at least 1 vol.-%, or at least 2 vol.-%, or at least 5 vol.-%, more preferably at least 10 vol.-% or at least 15 vol.-%, still more preferably at least 17.5 vol.-% or at least 20 vol.-%, yet more preferably at least 22.5 vol.-% or at least 25 vol.-%, even more preferably at least 30 vol.-% or at least 35 vol.-%, most preferably at least 40 vol.-%, and in particular at least 45 vol.-%, of the total volume of the pharmaceutical dosage form, which preferably is capsule. Thus, physically distinct entities that are so small that they do not cover such portion of the total volume of the pharmaceutical dosage form are typically not to be regarded as “particle” in the meaning of the invention.

It has been surprisingly found that when the pharmaceutical dosage form is a capsule, it is advantageous to minimize the empty volume inside the capsule such that the one or more particles fill as much of the inside of the capsule as possible. This is particularly relevant when the one or more particles are thermoformed intermediates that are not further press-formed but placed inside the capsule in form of the crude intermediates as such. It has been found that when the movability of the one or more particles inside the capsules is limited or fully impeded, comparatively sharp edges e.g. at the cut surfaces of extruded cylinders do not cause problems upon transportation. Otherwise, when the one or more particles are comparatively small compared to the inner volume of the capsule, they are moveable to a certain extent and may be accelerated within the capsules during transportation of the dosage forms. In the worst case, the physical impact of the accelerated particles hitting the inner wall of the capsule material may cause damages of the capsule, especially over the sharp edges at the cut surfaces of extruded cylinders. When the empty volume inside the capsules is minimized, however, the particles cannot receive sufficient energy in the course of shaking and moving the capsules, e.g. during transportation.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form is a capsule containing only a single particle, wherein the volume of said single particle is at least 30 vol.-% or at least 35 vol.-%, more preferably at least 40 vol.-% or at least 45 vol.-%, still more preferably at least 50 vol.-% or at least 55 vol.-%, yet more preferably at least 60 vol.-% or at least 65 vol.-%, even more preferably at least 70 vol.-% or at least 75 vol.-%, most preferably at least 80 vol.-% or at least 85 vol.-%, and in particular at least 90 vol.-% or at least 95 vol.-%, of the total inner volume of the capsule.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form is a capsule containing only a single particle and having an empty volume of at most 70 vol.-% or at most 65 vol.-%, more preferably at most 60 vol.-% or at most 55 vol.-%, still more preferably at most 50 vol.-% or at most 45 vol.-%, yet more preferably at most 40 vol.-% or at most 35 vol.-%, even more preferably at most 30 vol.-% or at most 25 vol.-%, most preferably at most 20 vol.-% or at most 15 vol.-%, and in particular at most 10 vol.-% or at most 5 vol.-%, of the total inner volume of the capsule.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form is a capsule containing only a single particle, wherein the single particle contains the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form, the total amount of the physiologically acceptable polymer that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form, and the total amount of excipients that are optionally contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form besides the capsule material. Thus, according to this preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form consists of the capsule and the single particle such that the inside of the capsule contains the single particle and optionally air or gas, but nothing else.

The one or more particles and the further excipient(s) of the pharmaceutical dosage form are separate of one another, i.e. are at different locations of the pharmaceutical dosage form. However, it is possible that the further excipient(s) partially or completely surround(s) the one or more particles. Nevertheless, it is not possible that a given location of the pharmaceutical dosage form contains both, matter of the one or more particles and simultaneously matter of the further excipient(s).

For example, the further excipient(s) may be a powdery material or a coherent matrix material in which e.g. the one or more particles may be embedded, or a spatially confined area within the pharmaceutical dosage form such as a layer of a multilayer pharmaceutical dosage form. When the pharmaceutical dosage form is provided in form of a capsule filled with a multitude of pellets and a powder, every pellet that contains pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer can be regarded as an individual of the one or more particles and the powder can be regarded as further excipient(s).

The one or more particles and the further excipient(s) of the pharmaceutical dosage form can be distinguished from one another.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises at least one particle containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer (monolith) but may also contain a plurality of particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer (e.g. multitude of particles).

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably contains at least two particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer that are identical or differ from one another.

In a preferred embodiment, when the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises a plurality of particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, the individual particles are preferably of essentially the same type and nature, e.g. composition, total weight, density, hardness, breaking strength, size, shape, color, morphology, coherence and/or porosity.

In another preferred embodiment, when the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises a plurality of particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, the individual particles are preferably of different type and nature, i.e. differ from one another with respect to e.g. composition, total weight, density, hardness, breaking strength, size, shape, color, morphology, coherence and/or porosity. For example, the particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer may contain different quantities of the physiologically acceptable polymer and may provide e.g. prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient. Prolonged release may be achieved e.g. by embedding the pharmacologically active ingredient in a polymer matrix comprising the physiologically acceptable polymer. Due to the different quantities of the physiologically acceptable polymer, the different particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer may provide different in vitro release profiles of the pharmacologically active ingredient.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form contains not more than 10 particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, more preferably not more than 9, still more preferably not more than 8, yet more preferably not more than 7, even more preferably not more than 6, most preferably not more than 5, and in particular not more than 4 particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form contains 1, 2 or 3 particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises at least one further excipient but preferably contains a plurality of further excipients. Said further excipient(s) may also be present in particulate form. In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form contains additional particle(s) besides the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, e.g. particles which

-   (i) do not contain the pharmacologically active ingredient, and/or -   (ii) do not contain the physiologically acceptable polymer, and/or -   (iii) do not have a breaking strength of at least 300 N, and/or -   (iv) have a weight of less than 2 mg.

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles and the further excipient(s) each constitute a spatially confined area within the pharmaceutical dosage form. According to this embodiment, the one or more particles and/or further excipient(s) preferably form a layer, a coating, a core or a mantle of the pharmaceutical dosage form which is preferably in the form of a tablet.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of tablets according to the invention comprising the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and the further excipient(s) are illustrated in FIG. 1A through 1D.

FIG. 1A schematically illustrates a mantle tablet comprising a single particle (1) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer as core and further excipient(s) (2) surrounding said particle (1).

FIG. 1B schematically illustrates another mantle tablet comprising a single particle (3) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer as core and further excipient(s) (4) surrounding said particle (3). Compared to the mantle tablet of FIG. 1A, the particle (3) is substantially larger than particle (1).

FIG. 1C schematically illustrates a tablet comprising two particles (5) and (6) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and further excipient(s) (7) forming a continuous matrix in which the two particles (5) and (6) are embedded. Thus, particles (5) and (6) form a discontinuous phase in the further excipient(s) (7).

FIG. 1D schematically illustrates a mantle tablet comprising a single particle (8) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer as core and further excipient(s) (9) surrounding said core as an intermediate layer and further excipient(s) (10) surrounding said intermediate layer.

In another preferred embodiment, the one or more particles are contained in a container, e.g. a hard gelatine capsule. Besides the capsule material, the capsules may optionally contain further excipient(s).

Preferred embodiments of capsules according to the invention comprising one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and optionally, further excipient(s) are illustrated in FIG. 2A through 2F.

FIG. 2A schematically illustrates a capsule formed of capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12). The capsule contains a single particles (13) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. Besides particle (13) and the capsule material contained in capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12), the dosage form does not contain further excipient(s). FIG. 2B schematically illustrates a capsule formed of capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12) and containing two particles (13) and (14) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. Besides particles (13) and (14) and the capsule material contained in capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12), the dosage form does not contain further excipient(s).

FIG. 2C schematically illustrates a capsule formed of capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12) and containing one particle (16) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, and four particles (17) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. Thus, the capsule is filled with a total of five particles each containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. While particles (17) are identical, particle (16) differs from particles (17) in size and nature. Besides particles (16) and (17) and the capsule material contained in capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12), the dosage form does not contain further excipient(s).

FIG. 2D schematically illustrates a capsule formed of capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12) and containing three particles (18) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and five particles (19) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. Thus, the capsule is filled with a total of eight particles each containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. While particles (18) are identical and particles (19) are identical, particles (18) differ from particles (19) in size and nature. Besides particles (18) and (19) and the capsule material contained in capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12), the dosage form does not contain further excipient(s).

FIG. 2E schematically illustrates a capsule formed of capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12) and containing two particles (20) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer as well as a further excipient (21). Thus, in addition to excipients optionally contained in particles (20) and the capsule material contained in capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12), the dosage form contains a further excipient (21).

FIG. 2F schematically illustrates a capsule formed of capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12) and containing one particle (22) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and one particle (23) containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. Particle (22) differs from particle (23) in size and nature. The capsule additionally contains further excipient (24) and further excipient (25). Thus, in addition to excipients optionally contained in particles (22) and (23) and the capsule material contained in capsule body (11) and capsule lid (12), the dosage form contains further excipients (24) and (25).

FIG. 3 illustrates the dependence of the dissolution profile on the method of measuring drug release (basket, Labswiss sinker, Sotax sinker).

FIG. 4 shows the dissolution profiles of capsules A1, A2 and A3 in 0.1 N HCl.

FIG. 5 shows the dissolution profiles of capsules A4, A5 and A6 in 0.1 N HCl.

FIG. 6 shows the dissolution profile of capsules A7 and A8 as well as of comparative tablet A9 in 0.1 N HCl.

FIG. 7 shows the dissolution profile of capsules A7 and A8 as well as of comparative tablet A9 in SIFsp, pH 6.8.

FIG. 8 shows the dissolution profile of capsules A7 and A8 as well as of comparative tablet A9 in 0.1N HCl+40% ethanol.

FIG. 9 depicts the visual appearance of the comparative tablets A9.

FIG. 10 shows the release profiles of one cut rod determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively.

FIG. 11 shows the release profiles of two cut rods determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. (one sinker per cut rod) at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively. FIG. 12 shows the release profiles of one cut rod in a capsule determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively.

FIG. 13 shows the release profiles of two cut rods and a lactose tablet in a capsule determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively.

FIG. 14 shows the release profiles of a mantle tablet determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively.

FIG. 15 shows the release profiles of a mantle tablet determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively.

FIGS. 16 to 20 show combinations of the release profiles obtained from Examples CR4, CR5, A10, A11, M1 and M2.

FIG. 16 shows the release profiles of the cut rod (m=215 mg) as such (CR4, FIG. 10), in a capsule (A10, FIG. 12), and in form of a mantle tablet (M1, FIG. 14).

FIG. 17 shows the release profiles of one cut rod (m=215 mg) (CR4, FIG. 10) and two cut rods (m=107.5 mg) (CR5, FIG. 11).

FIG. 18 shows the release profile of a capsule containing one cut rod (A10, FIG. 12) and a capsule containing two cut rods (A11, FIG. 13).

FIG. 19 shows the release profiles of a mantle tablet containing one cut rod (M1, FIG. 14) and a mantle tablet containing two cut rods (M2, FIG. 15).

FIG. 20 shows the release profiles of two cut rods (m=107.5 mg) as such (CR5, FIG. 11), in a capsule (A1, FIG. 13), and in form of a mantle tablet (M2, FIG. 15).

Preferably, the total content of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is at most 95 wt.-%, more preferably at most 85 wt.-%, still more preferably at most 75 wt.-%, yet more preferably at most 65 wt.-%, most preferably at most 55 wt.-% and in particular at most 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the total content of the one or more particles in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is at least 5 wt.-% or at least 10 wt.-%, more preferably at least 15 wt.-% or at least 20 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 25 wt.-% or at least 30 wt.-%, even more preferably at least 35 wt.-% or at least 40 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 45 wt.-% or at least 50 wt.-%, most preferably at least 55 wt.-% or at least 60 wt.-%, and in particular at least 65 wt.-% or at least 70 wt.-%; based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Each of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer has a weight of at least 2 mg, preferably at least 5 mg, or at least 10 mg, or at least 15 mg, or at least 20 mg, or at least 25 mg; more preferably at least 30 mg, or at least 35 mg, or at least 40 mg, or at least 45 mg, or at least 50 mg; still more preferably at least 55 mg, or at least 60 mg, or at least 65 mg, or at least 70 mg, or at least 75 mg; yet more preferably at least 80 mg, or at least 85 mg, or at least 90 mg, or at least 95 mg, or at least 100 mg; even more preferably at least 110 mg, or at least 120 mg, or at least 130 mg, or at least 140 mg, or at least 150 mg; most preferably at least 160 mg, or at least 170 mg, or at least 180 mg, or at least 190 mg, or at least 200 mg; and in particular at least 220 mg, or at least 240 mg, or at least 260 mg, or at least 280 mg, or at least 300 mg.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form contains a single particle containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. According to this embodiment, the single particle containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer preferably has a weight of at least 120 mg, more preferably at least 140 mg, still more preferably at least 160 mg, most preferably at least 180 mg and in particular at least 200 mg. Preferably, the monolith has a weight of from 100 to 1000 mg, more preferably 120 to 900 mg, still more preferably 140 to 800 mg, yet more preferably 150 to 700 mg, even more preferably 160 to 600 mg, most preferably 170 to 500 mg and in particular 200 to 400 mg. For the purpose of definition, a particle that is film-coated is also to be regarded as a particle according to the invention, i.e. the film-coating is not to be regarded as a separate entity but a constituent of the particle.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form contains a multitude of particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. In this regard, the pharmaceutical dosage form can be regarded as oligoparticulate or multiparticulate. For the purpose of the specification, the term “particulate”, “oligoparticulate” or “multiparticulate” refers to a discrete mass of material, i.e. multitude of particles, which are solid, e.g. at 20° C. or at room temperature or ambient temperature. Preferably a particle is solid at 20° C.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form is oligoparticulate. In this regard, oligoparticulate preferably means that all individual oligoparticles, i.e. particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, each have a weight of 20 mg or more. According to this embodiment, all individual oligoparticles, i.e. particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, each preferably have a weight of at least 30 mg, more preferably at least 40 mg, still more preferably at least 50 mg, most preferably at least 60 mg and in particular at least 100 mg. Preferably, all individual oligoparticles, i.e. particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, each have a weight of from 20 to 1000 mg, more preferably 30 to 800 mg, still more preferably 40 to 600 mg, yet more preferably 50 to 400 mg, even more preferably 60 to 200 mg, most preferably 70 to 150 mg and in particular 80 to 120 mg.

Further, according to this embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form preferably comprises at most 10, more preferably at most 9, still more preferably at most 8, yet more preferably at most 7, even more preferably at most 6, most preferably at most 5, and in particular at most 4 or 3 or 2 particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. When the particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are oligoparticulate, the pharmaceutical dosage form may further comprise drug-free particles, which may each have an individual weight of less than 20 mg.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form is multiparticulate. In this regard, multiparticulate preferably means that all individual multiparticles, i.e. particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, each have a weight of less than 20 mg but at least 2 mg. According to this embodiment, all multiparticles, i.e. particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, each preferably have a weight of less than 18 mg, more preferably less than 16 mg, still more preferably less than 14 mg, yet more preferably less than 12 mg, even more preferably less than 10 mg, most preferably less than 8 mg, and in particular less than 6 or 4 mg. Further, according to this embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form preferably comprises at least 2, more preferably at least 4, still more preferably at least 6, yet more preferably at least 8, even more preferably at least 10, most preferably at least 15 and in particular at least 20 or at least 100 or at least 1000 particles, i.e. particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer.

However, multiparticulate dosage forms are less preferred than dosage forms comprising a single particle containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, and are less preferred than oligoparticulate dosage forms.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises n particles each containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, wherein each of said n particles has a weight within the range of (250±210)/n mg, more preferably (250±180)/n mg, still more preferably (250±150)/n mg, yet more preferably (250±120)/n mg, even more preferably (250±90)/n mg, most preferably (250±60)/n mg, and in particular (250±30)/n mg; wherein n is preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises a single particle containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, wherein said single particle has a weight within the range of 250±210 mg, more preferably 250±180 mg, still more preferably 250±150 mg, yet more preferably 250±120 mg, even more preferably 250±90 mg, most preferably 250±60 mg, and in particular 250±30 mg. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises a single particle containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, wherein said single particle has a weight within the range of 215±210 mg, more preferably 215±180 mg, still more preferably 215±150 mg, yet more preferably 215±120 mg, even more preferably 215±90 mg, most preferably 215±60 mg, and in particular 215±30 mg.

In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises two particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, wherein each of said two particles has a weight within the range of 125±105 mg, more preferably 125±90 mg, still more preferably 125±75 mg, yet more preferably 125±60 mg, even more preferably 125±45 mg, most preferably 125±30 mg, and in particular 125±15 mg. In yet another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises two particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, wherein each of said two particles has a weight within the range of 107.5±102 mg, more preferably 107.5±90 mg, still more preferably 107.5±75 mg, yet more preferably 107.5±60 mg, even more preferably 107.5±45 mg, most preferably 107.5±30 mg, and in particular 107.5±15 mg.

In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises three particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, wherein each of said three particles has a weight within the range of 80±70 mg, more preferably 80±60 mg, still more preferably 80±50 mg, yet more preferably 80±40 mg, even more preferably 80±30 mg, most preferably 80±20 mg, and in particular 80±10 mg.

Preferably, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer each have an extension in any given direction of at least 2.0 mm, more preferably at least 2.2 mm, still more preferably at least 2.5 mm, yet more preferably at least 2.8 mm, even more preferably at least 3.0 mm, most preferably at least 3.2 mm, and in particular at least 3.5 mm or 4.0 mm. According to this embodiment, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer particularly preferably each have an extension in any given direction of at least 2.0 mm or 3.0 mm and have a weight of at least 20 mg.

Particularly preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form contains a single particle containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and having an extension in any direction of at least 2.0 mm; or a multitude of particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer each having an extension in any direction of at least 2.0 mm.

For the purpose of specification, “in any direction” preferably means in every direction in the three-dimensional space.

The size of the particles or the monolith may be determined by any conventional procedure known in the art, e.g. laser light scattering, sieve analysis, light microscopy or image analysis.

The shape of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer is not particularly limited. Preferably, the one or more particles are of cylindrical shape. Preferably, the one or more particles are essentially cylindrical in shape, e.g. cut extruded rods (cut rods). Preferably, the one or more particles are melt-extruded. The diameter of such particles is therefore the diameter of their circular cross section. The cylindrical shape can be caused by hot-melt extrusion according to which the diameter of the circular cross section is a function of the extrusion die and the length of the cylinders is a function of the cutting length according to which the extruded strand of material is cut into pieces of preferably more or less predetermined length. Thus, preferably the one or more particles are crude cut rods obtained by cutting a hot-melt extruded strand of a pharmaceutical composition comprising the pharmacologically active ingredient and the physiologically acceptable polymer. In this regard “crude” preferably means that after cutting, the cut rods are not subjected to further processing steps such as forming or shaping.

Preferably, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are “formed”. In this regard, the term “formed” refers to any measure providing the material of particle with a predetermined or arbitrary outer shape. Forming may but does not need to be achieved by means of a die. Preferably, the one or more particles are thermoformed. For example, extruding a heated material, e.g. by means of hot-melt extrusion, and subsequently cutting the extruded strand into particles of predetermined length provides particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer according to the invention.

Each of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer may comprise a film-coating.

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are film coated. The one or more particles can optionally be provided, partially or completely, with a conventional coating. The one or more particles are preferably film coated with conventional film coating compositions. Suitable coating materials are commercially available, e.g. under the trademarks Opadry® and Eudragit®.

Examples of suitable materials include cellulose esters and cellulose ethers, such as methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), ethylcellulose (EC), cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP); poly(meth)acrylates, such as aminoalkylmethacrylate copolymers, ethylacrylate methylmethacrylate copolymers, methacrylic acid methylmethacrylate copolymers, methacrylic acid methylmethacrylate copolymers; vinyl polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl-acetatephthalate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymers, polyvinylacetate; and natural film formers.

The coating material may contain excipients such as stabilizers (e.g. surfactants such as macrogol cetostearylether, sodium dodecylsulfate, and the like). Suitable excipients of film coating materials are known to the skilled person. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the coating is water-soluble.

Though less preferred, the coating can principally be resistant to gastric juices and dissolve as a function of the pH value of the release environment. By means of this coating, it is possible to ensure that the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention passes through the stomach undissolved and the active compound is only released in the intestines. The coating which is resistant to gastric juices preferably dissolves at a pH value of between 5 and 7.5. Corresponding materials and methods for the delayed release of active compounds and for the application of coatings which are resistant to gastric juices are known to the person skilled in the art, for example from “Coated Pharmaceutical dosage forms—Fundamentals, Manufacturing Techniques, Biopharmaceutical Aspects, Test Methods and Raw Materials” by Kurt H. Bauer, K. Lehmann, Hermann P. Osterwald, Rothgang, Gerhart, 1st edition, 1998, Medpharm Scientific Publishers. A particularly preferred coating contains polyvinyl alcohol and optionally, further excipients such as xanthan gum and/or talcum.

When the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are film coated, the film coating is to be regarded as a constituent of the particles, i.e. contributes to their weight and volume.

In another preferred embodiment, however, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are not film coated.

It has been surprisingly found that tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms can be provided, which do not require film-coating of a thermoformed intermediate and thus, are easier to manufacture. The crude intermediate that is obtained e.g. by thermoforming can be incorporated in the pharmaceutical dosage form as such. Subsequent process steps following thermoforming can be omitted, particularly film coating.

Further, it has been surprisingly found that the advantages conventionally achieved by film-coating can alternatively be achieved, e.g. by placing the thermoformed intermediates in capsules. Under these circumstances, the full range of approved dyes is available and no discoloration mechanisms are observed.

The pharmaceutical dosage form comprises one or more particles each containing a pharmacologically active ingredient.

For the purpose of specification, the term “pharmacologically active ingredient” as used herein may refer to either one or more pharmacologically active ingredients, i.e. the term may refer to a single pharmacologically active ingredient or a combination of one or more pharmacologically active ingredients.

There are generally no limitations as to the pharmacologically active ingredient (active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) which can be incorporated in the one or more particles of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention. Furthermore, the term “pharmacologically active ingredient” preferably includes any physiologically acceptable salt, e.g. physiologically acceptable acid addition salt, of the base form of the pharmacologically active ingredient. Physiologically acceptable acid addition salts comprise any acid addition salts which can conveniently be obtained by treating the base form of a pharmacologically active ingredient with appropriate organic and inorganic acids. Pharmacologically active ingredients containing an acidic proton may be converted into their non-toxic metal or amine addition salt forms by treatment with appropriate organic and inorganic bases. The term addition salt also comprises the hydrates and solvent addition forms which a pharmacologically active ingredient is able to form. Examples of such forms are e.g. hydrates, alcoholates and the like.

Unless explicitly stated otherwise, all amounts of the pharmacologically active ingredient specified in the following are given according to the corresponding amount of the free compound.

Preferably, the pharmacologically active ingredient is an opioid.

Preferably, at least 99 wt.-%, more preferably at least 99.9 wt.-%, most preferably at least 99.99 wt.-% and in particular at least 99.999 wt.-% of the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form are contained in the one or more particles.

The term “prolonged release” is known to the skilled artisan. For the purpose of specification, the term “prolonged release” preferably refers to a release rate of the pharmacologically active ingredient from the formulation that has been reduced over time in order to maintain therapeutic activity, to reduce toxic effects, or for some other therapeutic purpose such as reducing the dosing frequency.

The term “immediate release” is known to the skilled artisan. For the purpose of specification, the term “immediate release” preferably refers to a release rate of the pharmacologically active ingredient from the formulation that is comparatively fast and not retarded.

Preferably, the one or more particles form a discontinuous phase that is embedded in a matrix material.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer as a discontinuous phase, i.e. the one or more particles form a discontinuous phase in an outer matrix material which in turn preferably forms a continuous phase. In this regard, discontinuous means that not each and every particle is in intimate contact with another particle but that the particles are at least partially separated from one another by the outer matrix material in which the particles are embedded. In other words, the particles preferably do not form a single coherent mass within the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention (multicomponent tablet).

In a preferred embodiment, further excipient(s) form(s) an outer matrix material in which the one or more particles is/are embedded. According to this embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention can preferably be a MUPS formulation (multiple unit pellet system) or a capsule.

Preferably, the one or more particles and the further excipient(s) have different morphology and properties. Preferably, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer form a discontinuous phase within the outer matrix material formed by the further excipient(s) (multicomponent tablet). When the one or more particles contain a prolonged release matrix material, the outer matrix material is to be distinguished from said prolonged release matrix material, since the outer matrix material preferably does not provide for a prolonged release.

The one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer typically have mechanical properties that differ from the mechanical properties of the outer matrix material. Preferably, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer have a higher mechanical strength than the outer matrix material. The one or more particles can preferably be visualized by conventional means such as solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, terahertz spectroscopy and the like.

In a further preferred embodiment, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer constitute a spatially confined area within the pharmaceutical dosage form. According to this embodiment, the one or more particles preferably form a layer, a coating, a core or a mantle of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

When the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and/or the further excipient(s) form a layer, the pharmaceutical dosage form preferably is in form of a layered tablet.

The one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer or the further excipient(s) may also form the coating of the pharmaceutical dosage form. Preferably, the one or more particles form the core of the pharmaceutical dosage form that is coated by the further excipient(s). Preferably, however, neither the one or more particles nor the further excipient(s) forms a coating of the pharmaceutical dosage form, particularly no spray coating. Rather, the one or more particles and the further excipient(s) are preferably both coated by another material such as a sugar coating.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form is in form of a mantle tablet. According to this embodiment, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer preferably form the core and the further excipient(s) preferably forms the mantle.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is a tablet, which comprises

-   (i) a single particle containing pharmacologically active ingredient     and physiologically acceptable polymer and further excipient(s) that     are arranged to form a bilayer tablet; -   (ii) a single particle containing pharmacologically active     ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and forming a core     that is surrounded by further excipient(s) such that the single     particle and the further excipient(s) are arranged to form a mantle     tablet; -   (iii) a single particle containing pharmacologically active     ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and further     excipient(s) that are arranged to form a trilayer tablet, wherein     the single particle forms the middle layer and the further     excipient(s) form the outer layers; -   (iv) a plurality of particles containing pharmacologically active     ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and further     excipient(s) that are arranged to form a multilayer tablet, wherein     preferably each of the particles containing pharmacologically active     ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer is arranged in     between two adjacent layers of further excipient(s); -   (v) a plurality of particles containing pharmacologically active     ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer which form a     discontinuous phase embedded in further excipient(s) which form a     matrix; or -   (vi) one or more particles containing pharmacologically active     ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and further     excipient(s) are together coated by a sugar coating thus forming a     sugar-coated tablet (dragde).

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is a capsule, which is filled with

-   (i) a single particle containing pharmacologically active ingredient     and physiologically acceptable polymer but no further excipient(s)     and preferably no further pharmacologically active ingredient,     wherein preferably the total amount of the pharmacologically active     ingredient that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form is     contained in the single particle; -   (ii) a single particle containing pharmacologically active     ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and further     excipient(s); -   (iii) a plurality of particles containing pharmacologically active     ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer but no further     excipient(s) and preferably no further pharmacologically active     ingredient, wherein preferably the total amount of the     pharmacologically active ingredient that is contained in the     pharmaceutical dosage form is contained in the plurality of     particles; or -   (iv) a plurality of particles containing pharmacologically active     ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and further     excipient(s).

The pharmaceutical dosage form comprises one or more particles containing a pharmacologically active ingredient, and preferably providing prolonged release thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is only a single pharmacologically active ingredient. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is a combination of two or more pharmacologically active ingredients.

Preferably, the pharmacologically active ingredient has potential for being abused. Pharmacologically active ingredients with potential for being abused are known to the person skilled in the art and comprise e.g. tranquillizers, stimulants, barbiturates, narcotics, opioids or opioid derivatives.

Preferably, the pharmacologically active ingredient has a psychotropic effect, i.e. crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it affects brain function, resulting in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior.

Preferably, the pharmacologically active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of opioids, stimulants, tranquilizers, and other narcotics. Particularly preferably, the pharmacologically active ingredient is an opioid.

Particularly preferably, the pharmacologically active ingredient is an opioid or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof. According to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system by WHO (ATC index), opioids are divided into natural opium alkaloids, phenylpiperidine derivatives, diphenylpropylamine derivatives, benzomorphan derivatives, oripavine derivatives, morphinan derivatives and others. Preferably, the pharmacologically active ingredient is selected from ATC classes [M01A], [M01C], [N02B] and [N02C] according to the WHO.

The following opioids, tranquillizers or other narcotics are substances with a psychotropic action, i.e. have a potential of abuse, and hence are preferably contained in the one or more particles of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention: alfentanil, allobarbital, allylprodine, alphaprodine, alprazolam, amfepramone, amphetamine, amphetaminil, amobarbital, anileridine, apocodeine, axomadol, barbital, bemidone, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, bromazepam, brotizolam, buprenorphine, butobarbital, butorphanol, camazepam, carfentanil, cathine/D-norpseudoephedrine, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam clofedanol, clonazepam, clonitazene, clorazepate, clotiazepam, cloxazolam, cocaine, codeine, cyclobarbital, cyclorphan, cyprenorphine, delorazepam, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dextropropoxyphene, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone, diazepam, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dihydromorphone, dimenoxadol, dimephetamol, dimethyl-thiambutene, dioxaphetylbutyrate, dipipanone, dronabinol, eptazocine, estazolam, etho-heptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethyl loflazepate, ethylmorphine, etonitazene, etorphine, faxeladol, fencamfamine, fenethylline, fenpipramide, fenproporex, fentanyl, fludiazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, haloxazolam, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, hydroxymethylmorphinan, ketazolam, ketobemidone, levacetylmethadol (LAAM), levomethadone, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphane, levoxemacin, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, lofentanil, loprazolam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, mazindol, medazepam, mefenorex, meperidine, meprobamate, metapon, meptazinol, metazocine, methylmorphine, metamphetamine, methadone, methaqualone, 3-methylfentanyl, 4-methylfentanyl, methylphenidate, methylphenobarbital, methyprylon, metopon, midazolam, modafinil, morphine, myrophine, nabilone, nalbuphene, nalorphine, narceine, nicomorphine, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, norlevorphanol, normethadone, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxazepam, oxazolam, oxycodone, oxymorphone, Papaver somniferum, papaveretum, pemoline, pentazocine, pentobarbital, pethidine, phenadoxone, phenomorphane, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, pholcodeine, phenmetrazine, phenobarbital, phentermine, pinazepam, pipradrol, piritramide, prazepam, profadol, proheptazine, promedol, properidine, propoxyphene, remifentanil, secbutabarbital, secobarbital, sufentanil, tapentadol, temazepam, tetrazepam, tilidine (cis and trans), tramadol, triazolam, vinylbital, N-(1-methyl-2-piperidinoethyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)propionamide, (1R,2R)-3-(3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl)phenol, (1R,2R,4S)-2-(dimethylamino)methyl-4-(p-fluorobenzyloxy)-1-(m-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol, (1R,2R)-3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-cyclohexyl)phenol, (1S,2S)-3-(3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl)phenol, (2R,3R)-1-dimethylamino-3(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-pentan-3-ol, (1RS,3RS,6RS)-6-dimethylaminomethyl-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexane-1,3-diol, preferably as racemate, 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)phenyl 2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl)propionate, 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)phenyl 2-(6-methoxy-naphthalen-2-yl)propionate, 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-phenyl 2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl)propionate, 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-cyclohex-1-enyl)-phenyl 2-(6-methoxy-naphthalen-2-yl)propionate, (RR—SS)-2-acetoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-benzoic acid 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester, (RR—S S)-2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-benzoic acid 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester, (RR—SS)-4-chloro-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester, (RR—SS)-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzoic acid 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester, (RR—SS)-2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoic acid 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester, (RR—S S)-2-hydroxy-5-nitro-benzoic acid 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester, (RR—SS)-2′,4′-difluoro-3-hydroxy-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid 3-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl ester, and corresponding stereoisomeric compounds, in each case the corresponding derivatives thereof, physiologically acceptable enantiomers, stereoisomers, diastereomers and racemates and the physiologically acceptable derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters or amides, and in each case the physiologically acceptable compounds thereof, in particular the acid or base addition salts thereof and solvates, e.g. hydrochlorides.

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles contain an opioid selected from the group consisting of DPI-125, M6G (CE-04-410), ADL-5859, CR-665, NRP290 and sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester.

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles contain the pharmacologically active ingredient which is one pharmacologically active ingredient or more pharmacologically active ingredients selected from the group consisting of oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, morphine, tapentadol, tramadol, buprenorphine, and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of tapentadol, faxeladol, axomadol and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof.

In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of 1,1-(3-dimethylamino-3-phenylpentamethylene)-6-fluoro-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole (cebranopadol), particularly its hemicitrate; 1,1-[3-dimethylamino-3-(2-thienyl)pentamethylene]-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole, particularly its citrate; and 1,1-[3-dimethylamino-3-(2-thienyl)pentamethylene]-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]-6-fluoroindole, particularly its hemicitrate. These compounds are known from, e.g., WO 2004/043967, WO 2005/066183.

Preferably, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is at least 0.1 wt.-%, more preferably at least 0.5 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 1.0 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 1.5 wt.-%, most preferably at least 1.8 wt.-%, and in particular at least 2.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of a particle.

In another preferred embodiment, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is at least 1.0 wt.-%, more preferably at least 2.0 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 3.0 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 4.0 wt.-%, even more preferably at least 5.0 wt.-%, most preferably at least 6.0 wt.-%, and in particular at least 7.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of a particle.

The pharmacologically active ingredient is present in the pharmaceutical dosage form in a therapeutically effective amount. In general, the amount that constitutes a therapeutically effective amount varies according to the pharmacologically active ingredients being used, the condition being treated, the severity of said condition, the patient being treated, and whether the pharmaceutical dosage form or the particle in which the pharmacologically active ingredient is contained is designed for an immediate or retarded release.

The content of the pharmacologically active ingredient preferably ranges from about 0.01 wt.-% to about 95 wt.-%, more preferably from about 0.1 wt.-% to about 80 wt.-%, even more preferably from about 0.2 wt.-% or about 1.0 wt.-% to about 50 wt.-%, yet more preferably from about 0.2 wt.-% or about 1.5 wt.-% to about 30 wt.-%, and most preferably from about 0.2 wt.-% or about 2.0 wt.-% to 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles or based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 0.01 to 80 wt.-%, more preferably 0.1 to 50 wt.-%, still more preferably 0.5 to 25 wt.-% or 1 to 25 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In a preferred embodiment, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 1.5±1 wt.-% or 3±2 wt.-%, more preferably 1.5±0.9 wt.-% or 3±1.5 wt.-%. In another preferred embodiment, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 7±6 wt.-%, more preferably 7±5 wt.-%, still more preferably 5±4 wt.-%, 7±4 wt.-% or 9±4 wt.-%, most preferably 5±3 wt.-%, 7±3 wt.-% or 9±3 wt.-%, and in particular 5±2 wt.-%, 7±2 wt.-% or 9±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In still another preferred embodiment, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 11±10 wt.-%, more preferably 11±9 wt.-%, still more preferably 9±6 wt.-%, 11±6 wt.-%, 13±6 wt.-% or 15±6 wt.-%, most preferably 11±4 wt.-%, 13±4 wt.-% or 15±4 wt.-%, and in particular 11±2 wt.-%, 13±2 wt.-% or 15±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In a further preferred embodiment, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 20±6 wt.-%, more preferably 20±5 wt.-%, still more preferably 20±4 wt.-%, most preferably 20±3 wt.-%, and in particular 20±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 0.01 to 80 wt.-%, more preferably 0.1 to 60 wt.-%, still more preferably 1 to 50 wt.-% or 5 to 50 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles. In a preferred embodiment, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 7±6 wt.-%, more preferably 7±5 wt.-%, still more preferably 5±4 wt.-%, 7±4 wt.-% or 9±4 wt.-%, most preferably 5±3 wt.-%, 7±3 wt.-% or 9±3 wt.-%, and in particular 1.5±1 wt.-%, 3±2 wt.-%, 5±2 wt.-%, 7±2 wt.-% or 9±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles. In another preferred embodiment, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 11±10 wt.-%, more preferably 11±9 wt.-%, still more preferably 9±6 wt.-%, 11±6 wt.-%, 13±6 wt.-% or 15±6 wt.-%, most preferably 11±4 wt.-%, 13±4 wt.-% or 15±4 wt.-%, and in particular 11±2 wt.-%, 13±2 wt.-% or 15±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles. In a further preferred embodiment, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 20±6 wt.-%, 25±6 wt.-% or 30±6 wt.-%, more preferably 20±5 wt.-%, 25±5 wt.-% or 30±5 wt.-%, still more preferably 20±4 wt.-%, 25±4 wt.-% or 30±4 wt.-%, most preferably 20±3 wt.-%, 25±3 wt.-% or 30±3 wt.-% and in particular 20±2 wt.-%, 25±2 wt.-% or 30±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

The total dose of the pharmacologically active ingredient in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, is not limited. The dose of the pharmacologically active ingredient which is adapted for administration preferably is in the range of 0.01 mg to 2,000 mg or 0.01 mg to 1,000 mg or 0.1 mg to 500 mg, more preferably in the range of 1.0 mg to 400 mg, even more preferably in the range of 1.0 mg to 10.0 mg or 5.0 mg to 300 mg, and most preferably in the range of 1.5 mg to 8 mg or 10 mg to 250 mg. In a preferred embodiment, the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient which is contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, is within the range of from 0.01 to 200 mg, more preferably 0.1 to 190 mg, still more preferably 1.0 to 180 mg, yet more preferably 1.5 to 160 mg, most preferably 2.0 to 100 mg and in particular 2.5 to 80 mg. In another preferred embodiment, the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient which is contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, is within the range of from 10 to 500 mg, more preferably 12 to 450 mg, still more preferably 14 to 400 mg, yet more preferably 16 to 350 mg, most preferably 18 to 325 mg and in particular 20 to 300 mg.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of 10±5 g, 20±5 μg, 30±5 μg, 40±5 μg, 50±5 μg, 60±5 μg, 70±5 μg, 80±5 μg, 90±5 μg, 100±5 μg, 125±25 μg, 150±25 μg, 175±25 μg, 200±25 μg, 250±50 μg, 300±50 μg, 350±50 μg, 400±50 g, 450±50 μg, 500±50 μg, 550±50 μg, 600±50 μg, 650±50 μg, 700±50 μg, 750±50 μg, 800±50 μg, 850±50 μg, 900±50 μg, 950±50 μg, or 1000±50 μg. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of 7.5±5 mg, 10±5 mg, 20±5 mg, 30±5 mg, 40±5 mg, 50±5 mg, 60±5 mg, 70±5 mg, 80±5 mg, 90±5 mg, 100±5 mg, 110±5 mg, 120±5 mg, 130±5, 140±5 mg, 150±5 mg, 160±5 mg, 170±5 mg, 180±5 mg, 190±5 mg, 200±5 mg, 210±5 mg, 220±5 mg, 230±5 mg, 240±5 mg, or 250±5 mg. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of 5±2.5 mg, 7.5±2.5 mg, 10±2.5 mg, 15±2.5 mg, 20±2.5 mg, 25±2.5 mg, 30±2.5 mg, 35±2.5 mg, 40±2.5 mg, 45±2.5 mg, 50±2.5 mg, 55±2.5 mg, 60±2.5 mg, 65±2.5 mg, 70±2.5 mg, 75±2.5 mg, 80±2.5 mg, 85±2.5 mg, 90±2.5 mg, 95±2.5 mg, 100±2.5 mg, 105±2.5 mg, 110±2.5 mg, 115±2.5 mg, 120±2.5 mg, 125±2.5 mg, 130±2.5 mg, 135±2.5 mg, 140±2.5 mg, 145±2.5 mg, 150±2.5 mg, 155±2.5 mg, 160±2.5 mg, 165±2.5 mg, 170±2.5 mg, 175±2.5 mg, 180±2.5 mg, 185±2.5 mg, 190±2.5 mg, 195±2.5 mg, 200±2.5 mg, 205±2.5 mg, 210±2.5 mg, 215±2.5 mg, 220±2.5 mg, 225±2.5 mg, 230±2.5 mg, 235±2.5 mg, 240±2.5 mg, 245±2.5 mg, or 250±2.5 mg. In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of 250±10 mg, 275±10 mg, 300±10 mg, 325±10 mg, 350±10 mg, 375±10 mg, 400±10 mg, 425±10 mg, 450±10 mg, 475±10 mg, 500±10 mg, 525±10 mg, 550±10 mg, 575±10 mg or 600±10 mg.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is oxycodone, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 1 to 80 mg. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is oxycodone, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 2 to 320 mg.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is oxymorphone, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 5 to 40 mg. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is oxymorphone, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 10 to 80 mg.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is tapentadol, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily or twice daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 25 to 250 mg.

In still another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is hydromorphone, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 2 to 52 mg. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is hydromorphone, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 4 to 104 mg.

In yet another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is tramadol, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 5 to 300 mg. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is tramadol, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 10 to 500 mg.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is hydrocodone, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 5 to 250 mg. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is hydrocodone, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 5 to 250 mg.

In still another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is morphine, preferably its HCl or H₂SO₄ salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 5 to 250 mg. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is morphine, preferably its HCl or H₂SO₄ salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 5 to 250 mg.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is buprenorphine, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration twice daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 1 to 12 mg. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is buprenorphine, preferably its HCl salt, and the pharmaceutical dosage form is adapted for administration once daily. In this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably contained in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in a total amount of from 2 to 12 mg.

The pharmacologically active ingredient that is employed in the preparation of the one or more particles preferably has an average particle size of less than 500 microns, still more preferably less than 300 microns, yet more preferably less than 200 or 100 microns. There is no lower limit on the average particle size and it may be, for example, 50 microns. The particle size of pharmacologically active ingredients may be determined by any technique conventional in the art, e.g. laser light scattering, sieve analysis, light microscopy or image analysis.

The tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises one or more particles each containing a physiologically acceptable polymer.

Preferably, the one or more particles provide prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient. While such prolonged release may principally be achieved by providing the one or more particles with a prolonged release coating containing pore formers, prolonged release is preferably achieved by a prolonged release matrix.

Thus, the one or more particles preferably comprise a prolonged release matrix. The prolonged release matrix in turn preferably comprises a prolonged release matrix material that serves the function of providing prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient, optionally further pharmaceutical excipients that do not substantially influence the release profile, and the pharmacologically active ingredient.

The pharmacologically active ingredient is preferably embedded, particularly preferably dispersed in the prolonged release matrix material. Preferably, the pharmacologically active ingredient is embedded in a matrix material comprising the physiologically acceptable polymer.

The total content of the prolonged release matrix (pharmacologically active ingredient+prolonged release matrix material+optionally present excipients that do not substantially influence the release profile) that is contained in the one or more particles is preferably at least 30 wt.-%, more preferably at least 40 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 50 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 60 wt.-%, even more preferably at least 70 wt.-%, most preferably at least 80 wt.-%, and in particular at least 90 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the one or more particles.

The total content of the prolonged release matrix (pharmacologically active ingredient+prolonged release matrix material+optionally present excipients that do not substantially influence the release profile) that is contained in the one or more particles is preferably within the range of from 5 to 95 wt.-%, more preferably 7 to 90 wt.-%, still more preferably 9 to 80 wt.-%, yet more preferably 11 to 70 wt.-%, even more preferably 13 to 60 wt.-%, most preferably 14 to 50 wt.-%, and in particular 15 to 40 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the pharmacologically active ingredient and the prolonged release matrix material are intimately homogeneously distributed within the one or more particles so that the one or more particles do(es) not contain any portions where either the pharmacologically active ingredient is present in the absence of prolonged release matrix material or where prolonged release matrix material is present in the absence of the pharmacologically active ingredient.

When the one or more particles are film coated, the prolonged release matrix material is preferably homogeneously distributed in the body of the one or more particles, i.e. the film coating preferably does not contain prolonged release matrix material.

Apart from the prolonged release matrix material, the one or more particles preferably contain conventional pharmaceutical excipients that do not substantially influence the release profile.

Preferably, the total content of the prolonged release matrix material, i.e. material that serves the function of providing prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient, is within the range of from 20 to 99 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the one or more particles. When the particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are particulate, these percent values preferably are related to the total weight of all particles of the one or more particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the prolonged release matrix material is at least 5 wt.-%, or at least 10 wt.-%, or at least 15 wt.-%, more preferably at least 20 wt.-%, or at least 25 wt.-%, or at least 30 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 35 wt.-%, or at least 40 wt.-%, or at least 45 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 50 wt.-%, or at least 55 wt.-%, or at least 60 wt.-%, most preferably at least 65 wt.-%, or at least 70 wt.-%, or at least 75 wt.-%, and in particular at least 80 wt.-%, or at least 85 wt.-%, or at least 90 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 25±20 wt.-%, more preferably 25±15 wt.-%, most preferably 25±10 wt.-%, and in particular 25±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 30±20 wt.-%, more preferably 30±15 wt.-%, most preferably 30±10 wt.-%, and in particular 30±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In still another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 35±20 wt.-%, more preferably 35±15 wt.-%, most preferably 35±10 wt.-%, and in particular 35±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a yet another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 40±20 wt.-%, more preferably 40±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 40±10 wt.-%, and in particular 40±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 45±20 wt.-%, more preferably 45±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 45±10 wt.-%, and in particular 45±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In still a further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 50±20 wt.-%, more preferably 50±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 50±10 wt.-%, and in particular 50±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In yet a further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 55±20 wt.-%, more preferably 55±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 55±10 wt.-%, and in particular 55±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 60±20 wt.-%, more preferably 60±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 60±10 wt.-%, and in particular 60±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In still another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix is within the range of 65±20 wt.-%, more preferably 65±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 65±10 wt.-%, and in particular 65±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 70±20 wt.-%, more preferably 70±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 70±10 wt.-%, and in particular 70±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 75±20 wt.-%, more preferably 75±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 75±10 wt.-%, and in particular 75±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In still a further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 80±15 wt.-%, more preferably 80±12 wt.-%, and most preferably 80±10 wt.-%, and in particular 80±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In yet a further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 85±10 wt.-%, more preferably 85±8 wt.-%, and most preferably 85±6 wt.-%, and in particular 85±4 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 90±8 wt.-%, more preferably 90±7 wt.-%, and most preferably 90±6 wt.-%, and in particular 90±4 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In still another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 95±3 wt.-%, more preferably 95±2 wt.-%, and most preferably 95±1 wt.-%, and in particular 95±0.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

Preferably, the total content of the prolonged release matrix material, i.e. material that serves the function of providing prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient, contained in the one or more particles is within the range of from 5 to 95 wt.-%, more preferably 15 to 80 wt.-% or 20 to 80 wt.-% relative to the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the prolonged release matrix material is at least 5 wt.-% or at least 10 wt.-%, more preferably at least 15 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 20 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 25 wt.-% and in particular at least 30 wt.-%, or at least 35 wt.-%, or at least 40 wt.-%, or at least 45 wt.-%, or at least 50 wt.-%, or at least 55 wt.-%, or at least 60 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In still another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 20±16 wt.-%, more preferably 20±12 wt.-%, most preferably 20±8 wt.-%, and in particular 20±4 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 25±20 wt.-%, more preferably 25±15 wt.-%, most preferably 25±10 wt.-%, and in particular 25±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 30±20 wt.-%, more preferably 30±15 wt.-%, most preferably 30±10 wt.-%, and in particular 30±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In still a further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 35±20 wt.-%, more preferably 35±15 wt.-%, most preferably 35±10 wt.-%, and in particular 35±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a still further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 40±20 wt.-%, more preferably 40±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 40±10 wt.-%, and in particular 40±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 45±20 wt.-%, more preferably 45±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 45±10 wt.-%, and in particular 45±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 50±20 wt.-%, more preferably 50±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 50±10 wt.-%, and in particular 50±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 55±20 wt.-%, more preferably 55±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 55±10 wt.-%, and in particular 55±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 60±20 wt.-%, more preferably 60±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 60±10 wt.-%, and in particular 60±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In still another preferred embodiment, the total content of prolonged release matrix material is within the range of 65±20 wt.-%, more preferably 65±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 65±10 wt.-%, and in particular 65±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the relative weight ratio of the prolonged release matrix material, i.e. material that serves the function of providing prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient, to the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 40:1 to 1:40 or 35:1 to 1:35 or 30:1 to 1:30 or 20:1 to 1:20, more preferably 15:1 to 1:15, still more preferably 10:1 to 1:10, yet more preferably 7:1 to 1:7, most preferably 5:1 to 1:5, and in particular 2:1 to 1:2.

The prolonged release matrix material, i.e. material that serves the function of providing prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient, preferably comprises at least one physiologically acceptable polymer and/or optionally a waxy material. Preferably, the prolonged release matrix material comprises only one physiologically acceptable polymer. In a preferred embodiment, the prolonged release matrix material consists of the physiologically acceptable polymer.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient is embedded in a prolonged release matrix comprising the physiologically acceptable polymer.

The total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is preferably at least 65 wt.-%, more preferably at least 70 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 75 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 80 wt.-%, even more preferably at least 85 wt.-%, most preferably at least 90 wt.-%, and in particular at least 95 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the prolonged release matrix material, i.e. material that serves the function of providing prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient.

The total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is preferably at least 20 wt.-%, more preferably at least 30 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 40 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 50 wt.-%, even more preferably at least 60 wt.-%, most preferably at least 65 wt.-% or at least 70 wt.-%, and in particular at least 70 wt.-% or at least 80 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the prolonged release matrix (pharmacologically active ingredient+prolonged release matrix material+optionally present excipients that do not substantially influence the release profile).

Preferably, the content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is at least 25 wt.-%, based on the total weight of a particle.

Preferably, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is at least 20 wt.-%, more preferably at least 30 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 40 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 50 wt.-%, even more preferably at least 60 wt.-%, most preferably at least 65 wt.-% or at least 70 wt.-%, and in particular at least 70 wt.-% or at least 80 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is at least 5 wt.-%, more preferably at least 10 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 15 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 20 wt.-% and in particular at least 25 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the one or more particles. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is at least 30 wt.-% relative to the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 10±8 wt.-%, more preferably 10±6 wt.-%, most preferably 10±4 wt.-%, and in particular 10±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 15±12 wt.-%, more preferably 15±10 wt.-%, most preferably 15±7 wt.-%, and in particular 15±3 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In still another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 20±16 wt.-%, more preferably 20±12 wt.-%, most preferably 20±8 wt.-%, and in particular 20±4 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 25±20 wt.-%, more preferably 25±15 wt.-%, most preferably 25±10 wt.-%, and in particular 25±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 30±20 wt.-%, more preferably 30±15 wt.-%, most preferably 30±10 wt.-%, and in particular 30±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In still a further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 35±20 wt.-%, more preferably 35±15 wt.-%, most preferably 35±10 wt.-%, and in particular 35±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a still further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 40±20 wt.-%, more preferably 40±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 40±10 wt.-%, and in particular 40±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 45±20 wt.-%, more preferably 45±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 45±10 wt.-%, and in particular 45±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 50±20 wt.-%, more preferably 50±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 50±10 wt.-%, and in particular 50±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 55±20 wt.-%, more preferably 55±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 55±10 wt.-%, and in particular 55±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 60±20 wt.-%, more preferably 60±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 60±10 wt.-%, and in particular 60±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 65±20 wt.-%, more preferably 65±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 65±10 wt.-%, and in particular 65±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 70±20 wt.-%, more preferably 70±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 70±10 wt.-%, and in particular 70±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 75±20 wt.-%, more preferably 75±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 75±10 wt.-%, and in particular 75±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 80±20 wt.-%, more preferably 80±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 80±10 wt.-%, and in particular 80±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

Preferably, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of from 1 to 99 wt.-%, more preferably 3 to 90 wt.-%, still more preferably 5 to 75 wt.-%, yet more preferably 7 to 70 wt.-%, most preferably 10 to 65 wt.-% or 10 to 70 wt.-% and in particular 10 to 60 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is at least 2 wt.-%, more preferably at least 5 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 10 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 15 wt.-% and in particular at least 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 10±8 wt.-%, more preferably 10±6 wt.-%, most preferably 10±4 wt.-%, and in particular 10±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 15±12 wt.-%, more preferably 15±10 wt.-%, most preferably 15±7 wt.-%, and in particular 15±3 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In still another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 20±16 wt.-%, more preferably 20±12 wt.-%, most preferably 20±8 wt.-%, and in particular 20±4 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 25±20 wt.-%, more preferably 25±15 wt.-%, most preferably 25±10 wt.-%, and in particular 25±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 30±20 wt.-%, more preferably 30±15 wt.-%, most preferably 30±10 wt.-%, and in particular 30±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In still a further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 35±20 wt.-%, more preferably 35±15 wt.-%, most preferably 35±10 wt.-%, and in particular 35±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a still further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 40±20 wt.-%, more preferably 40±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 40±10 wt.-%, and in particular 40±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 45±20 wt.-%, more preferably 45±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 45±10 wt.-%, and in particular 45±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 50±20 wt.-%, more preferably 50±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 50±10 wt.-%, and in particular 50±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In still another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 60±20 wt.-%, more preferably 60±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 60±10 wt.-%, and in particular 60±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the total content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is within the range of 70±20 wt.-%, more preferably 70±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 70±10 wt.-%, and in particular 70±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the relative weight ratio of the physiologically acceptable polymer to the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of 40:1 to 1:40 or 35:1 to 1:35 or 30:1 to 1:30 or 20:1 to 1:20, more preferably 15:1 to 1:15, still more preferably 10:1 to 1:10, yet more preferably 7:1 to 1:7, most preferably 5:1 to 1:5, and in particular 2:1 to 1:2.

Preferably, the physiologically acceptable polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxides, non-ionic acrylates, anionic acrylates and cationic acrylates.

The physiologically acceptable polymer is preferably selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxides (preferably polymethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide), polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyvinyl chlorides, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyacrylates, poly(hydroxy fatty acids), poly(hydroxyvaleric acids); polycaprolactones, polyvinyl alcohols, polyesteramides, polyethylene succinates, polylactones, polyglycolides, cellulose ethers (preferably methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), polyurethanes, polyvinylpyrrolidones, poly-amides, polylactides, polyacetals, polylactide/glycolides, polylactones, polyglycolides, poly-orthoesters, polyanhydrides, copolymers thereof, block-copolymers thereof, and mixtures of at least two of the stated polymers.

In a preferred embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is non-ionic. In another preferred embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is anionic. In still another preferred embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is cationic.

Preferably, the physiologically acceptable polymer is selected from acrylic polymers or polyalkylene oxides.

In a particularly preferred embodiment,

-   (i) the content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is at     least 30 wt.-% relative to the total weight of the one or more     particles; and/or -   (ii) the physiologically acceptable polymer is selected from acrylic     polymers or polyalkylene oxides.

In a preferred embodiment, physiologically acceptable polymer is an acrylic polymer which is preferably derived from a monomer mixture comprising a first C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate and a second C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate differing from said first C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate.

When the prolonged release matrix material of the prolonged release matrix comprises an acrylic polymer, it preferably does not additionally comprise an polyalkylene oxide or a waxy material, and vice versa. However, it is principally possible that the prolonged release matrix material of the prolonged release matrix comprises a combination of an acrylic polymer, a polyalkylene oxide and/or a waxy material.

Preferred C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylates include methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, and butyl acrylate.

For the purpose of the specification, “(meth)acryl” refers to acryl as well as methacryl.

Preferably, the acrylic polymer has a weight average molecular weight within the range of from 100,000 g/mol to 2,000,000 g/mol. In a preferred embodiment, the acrylic polymer has a weight average molecular weight (M_(W)) or viscosity average molecular weight (M_(η)) of at least 150,000 or at least 200,000 g/mol, preferably at least 250,000 g/mol or at least 300,000 g/mol, more preferably in the range of about 300,000 g/mol to about 2,000,000 g/mol, and most preferably in the range of about 300,000 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol. Suitable methods to determine M_(W) and M_(η) are known to a person skilled in the art. M_(η) is preferably determined by rheological measurements, whereas M_(W) can be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

The acrylic polymer can be a nonionic acrylic polymer or an ionic acrylic polymer. For the purpose of specification, “nonionic polymer” refers to a polymer not containing more than 1 mole.-% ionic, i.e. anionic or cationic, monomer units, preferably containing no ionic monomer units at all.

In a preferred embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is a nonionic acrylic polymer which is preferably derived from a monomer mixture comprising a first C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate and a second C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate differing from said first C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate.

Preferably, the first C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate is ethyl acrylate and the second C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate is methyl methacrylate.

Preferably, the relative molar content of the ethyl acrylate within the nonionic acrylic polymer is greater than the relative molar content of the methyl methacrylate within the nonionic acrylic polymer.

Preferably, the molar ratio of the first C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate, which is preferably ethyl acrylate, to the second C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate, which is preferably methyl methacrylate, is within the range of from 5:1 to 1:3, more preferably from 4.5:1 to 1:2.5, still more preferably from 4:1 to 1:2, yet more preferably from 3.5:1 to 1:1.5, even more preferably from 3:1 to 1:1, most preferably from 2.5:1 to 1.5:1, and in particular about 2:1.

Preferably, the nonionic acrylic polymer has a weight average molecular weight within the range of from 100,000 g/mol to 2,000,000 g/mol. In a preferred embodiment, the nonionic acrylic polymer has a weight average molecular weight (M_(W)) or viscosity average molecular weight (M_(η)) of at least 150,000 or at least 200,000 g/mol, preferably at least 250,000 g/mol or at least 300,000 g/mol, more preferably in the range of about 300,000 g/mol to about 2,000,000 g/mol, and most preferably in the range of about 300,000 g/mol to about 1,000,000 g/mol. Suitable methods to determine M_(W) and M_(η□) are known to a person skilled in the art. M_(η)□ is preferably determined by rheological measurements, whereas M_(W) can be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

In a preferred embodiment, the weight average molecular weight of the nonionic acrylic polymer is within the range of 675,000±500,000 g/mol, more preferably 675,000±450,000 g/mol, still more preferably 675,000±400,000 g/mol, yet more preferably 675,000±350,000 g/mol, even more preferably 675,000±300,000 g/mol, most preferably 675,000±250,000 g/mol, and in particular 675,000±200,000 g/mol.

The nonionic acrylic polymer may comprise a single nonionic acrylic polymer having a particular average molecular weight, or a mixture (blend) of different nonionic acrylic polymers, such as two, three, four or five nonionic acrylic polymers, e.g., nonionic acrylic polymers of the same chemical nature but different average molecular weight, nonionic acrylic polymers of different chemical nature but same average molecular weight, or nonionic acrylic polymers of different chemical nature as well as different molecular weight.

In a preferred embodiment, the nonionic acrylic polymer is homogeneously distributed in the one or more particles. According to this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient and the nonionic acrylic polymer are intimately homogeneously distributed in the one or more particles, so that the one or more particles do not contain any portions where either the pharmacologically active ingredient is present in the absence of nonionic acrylic polymer or where nonionic acrylic polymer is present in the absence of the pharmacologically active ingredient.

When the one or more particles are film coated, the nonionic acrylic polymer is preferably homogeneously distributed in the body of the one or more particles, i.e. the film coating preferably does not contain nonionic acrylic polymer. Nonetheless, the film coating as such may of course contain one or more polymers, which however, preferably differ from the nonionic acrylic polymer contained in the body.

The nonionic acrylic polymer preferably has a glass transition temperature (T_(g)) within the range of 1±15° C., more preferably 1±11° C.

The nonionic acrylic polymer preferably has a minimum film forming temperature (MFT) within the range of 5±5° C., more preferably 5±2° C.

Nonionic acrylic polymers that are suitable for use in the one or more particles according to the invention are commercially available, e.g. from Evonik. For example, Eudragit® NE30D, Eudragit® NE40D and Eudragit® NM30D, which are provided as aqueous dispersions of poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) 2:1, may be used in the one or more particles according to the invention. For details concerning the properties of these products, it can be referred to e.g. the product specification.

In a preferred embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is an ionic acrylic polymer.

In a preferred embodiment, the ionic acrylic polymer is homogeneously distributed in the one or more particles. According to this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient and the ionic acrylic polymer are intimately homogeneously distributed in the one or more particles, so that the one or more particles do not contain any portions where either the pharmacologically active ingredient is present in the absence of ionic acrylic polymer or where ionic acrylic polymer is present in the absence of the pharmacologically active ingredient.

When the one or more particles are film coated, the ionic acrylic polymer is preferably homogeneously distributed in the body of the one or more particles, i.e. the film coating preferably does not contain ionic acrylic polymer. Nonetheless, the film coating as such may of course contain one or more polymers, which however, preferably differ from the ionic acrylic polymer contained in the body.

Preferred ionic acrylic polymers are anionic acrylic polymers. Preferred anionic acrylic polymers include but are not limited to copolymers of one or two different C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate monomers and copolymerizable anionic monomers such as acrylic acid. Preferred representatives are ternary copolymers of methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid, wherein the relative molar content of the monomers is preferably methyl acrylate > methyl methacrylate > methacrylic acid. Preferably, the anionic acrylic polymer has a weight average molecular weight within the range of 280,000±250,000 g/mol, more preferably 280,000±200,000 g/mol, still more preferably 280,000±180,000 g/mol, yet more preferably 280,000±160,000 g/mol, even more preferably 280,000±140,000 g/mol, most preferably 280,000±120,000 g/mol, and in particular 280,000±100,000 g/mol. Poly(methyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) 7:3:1 having an average molecular weight of about 280,000 g/mol is commercially available as Eudragit® FS.

Other preferred ionic acrylic polymers are cationic acrylic polymers. Preferred cationic acrylic polymers include but are not limited to copolymers of one or two different C₁₋₄-alkyl (meth)acrylate monomers and copolymerizable cationic monomers such as trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride. Preferred representatives are ternary copolymers of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and a low content of methacrylic acid ester with quatemary ammonium groups, preferably trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride, wherein the relative molar content of the monomers is preferably methyl methacrylate > ethyl acrylate > copolymerizable cationic monomers. Preferably, the cationic acrylic polymer has a weight average molecular weight within the range of 32,000±30,000 g/mol, more preferably 32,000±27,000 g/mol, still more preferably 32,000±23,000 g/mol, yet more preferably 32,000±20,000 g/mol, even more preferably 32,000±17,000 g/mol, most preferably 32,000±13,000 g/mol, and in particular 32,000±10,000 g/mol. Poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate-co-trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride) 1:2:0.1 and 1:2:0.2, respectively, having an average molecular weight of about 32,000 g/mol is commercially available as Eudragit® RS-PO and Eudragit® RL-PO, respectively. Because of its lower content of trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride, Eudragit® RS-PO is particularly preferred. Another preferred cationic acrylic polymer is Eudragit® RL 100 which is a copolymer of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and a low content of methacrylic acid ester with quaternary ammonium groups.

In a preferred embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is a polyalkylene oxide, preferably a polyethylene oxide, particularly preferably having a weight average molecular weight of at least 500,000 g/mol.

When the prolonged release matrix material of the prolonged release matrix comprises a polyalkylene oxide, it preferably does not additionally comprise an acrylic polymer or a waxy material, and vice versa.

In a preferred embodiment, the polyalkylene oxide is homogeneously distributed in the one or more particles. According to this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient and the polyalkylene oxide are intimately homogeneously distributed in the one or more particles, so that the one or more particles do not contain any portions where either the pharmacologically active ingredient is present in the absence of polyalkylene oxide or where polyalkylene oxide is present in the absence of the pharmacologically active ingredient.

When the one or more particles are film coated, the polyalkylene oxide is preferably homogeneously distributed in the body of the one or more particles, i.e. the film coating preferably does not contain polyalkylene oxide. Nonetheless, the film coating as such may of course contain one or more polymers, which however, preferably differ from the polyalkylene oxide contained in the body.

Preferably, the polyalkylene oxide is selected from polymethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or copolymers or mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the polyalkylene oxide has a weight average molecular weight (M_(W)), preferably also a viscosity average molecular weight (M_(η)) of more than 200,000 g/mol or at least 500,000 g/mol, preferably at least 1,000,000 g/mol or at least 2,500,000 g/mol, more preferably in the range of about 1,000,000 g/mol to about 15,000,000 g/mol, and most preferably in the range of about 5,000,000 g/mol to about 10,000,000 g/mol. Suitable methods to determine M_(W) and M_(η□) are known to a person skilled in the art. M_(η)□ is preferably determined by rheological measurements, whereas M_(W) can be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

Preferably, the molecular weight dispersity M_(w)/M_(n) of the polyalkylene oxide is within the range of 2.5±2.0, more preferably 2.5±1.5, still more preferably 2.5±1.0, yet more preferably 2.5±0.8, most preferably 2.5±0.6, and in particular 2.5±0.4.

The polyalkylene oxide preferably has a viscosity at 25° C. of 30 to 17,600 mPa·s, more preferably 55 to 17,600 mPa·s, still more preferably 600 to 17,600 mPa·s, yet more preferably 4,500 to 17,600 mPa·s, even more preferably 4,500 to 12,000 mPa·s, most preferably 5,000 to 10,500 mPa·s and in particular 5,500 to 7,500 mPa·s or 7,500 to 10,000 mPa·s, measured in a 1 wt.-% aqueous solution.

The polyalkylene oxide may comprise a single polyalkylene oxide having a particular average molecular weight, or a mixture (blend) of different polymers, such as two, three, four or five polymers, e.g., polymers of the same chemical nature but different average molecular weight, polymers of different chemical nature but same average molecular weight, or polymers of different chemical nature as well as different molecular weight.

For the purpose of specification, a polyalkylene glycol has a molecular weight of up to 20,000 g/mol whereas a polyalkylene oxide has a molecular weight of more than 20,000 g/mol. The weight average over all molecular weights of all polyalkylene oxides that are contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form is more than 200,000 g/mol. Thus, polyalkylene glycols, if any, are preferably not taken into consideration when determining the weight average molecular weight of polyalkylene oxide.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the physiologically acceptable polymer is a polyalkylene oxide the content of which is at least 30 wt.-% relative to the total weight of the one or more particles.

Preferably, the polyalkylene oxide is combined with another polymer, preferably a cellulose ether, particularly preferably a cellulose ether selected from the group consisting of methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose is particularly preferred.

Preferably, the relative weight ratio of the polyalkylene oxide and the cellulose ether is within the range of from 14:1 to 1:2, more preferably 13:1 to 1:1, still more preferably 12:1 to 2:1, yet more preferably 11:1 to 3:1, even more preferably 10:1 to 4:1, most preferably 9:1 to 5:1, and in particular 8:1 to 6:1.

In another preferred embodiment, the prolonged release matrix material comprises a waxy material, preferably selected from the group consisting of

-   -   glycerides, especially monoglycerides, diglycerides,         triglycerides,     -   esters of fatty acids with fatty alcohols, and     -   paraffins.

When the prolonged release matrix material of the prolonged release matrix comprises a waxy material, it preferably does not additionally comprise an acrylic polymer or a polyalkylene oxide, and vice versa.

As used herein a “waxy material” refers to a material which melts into liquid form having low viscosity upon heating and sets again to a solid state upon cooling. Preferably, the waxy material has a melting point of at least 30° C., more preferably at least 35° C., still more preferably at least 40° C., yet more preferably at least 45° C., even more preferably at least 50° C., most preferably at least 55° C., and in particular at least 60° C.

When the waxy material is or comprises a monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride or a mixture thereof, it is preferably a mono-, di- or triester of glycerol and carboxylic acids, whereas the carboxylic acid is preferably selected from the group consisting of fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids and aromatic acids.

In another preferred embodiment, the glyceride is a fatty acid macrogolglyceride, e.g. lauroyl macrogolglyceride, such as Gelucire 44/14 that can be regarded as a non-ionic water dispersible surfactant composed of well-characterized PEG-esters, a small glyceride fraction and free PEG

Preferred glycerides of fatty acids include monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, and mixtures thereof; preferably of C₆ to C₂₂ fatty acids. Especially preferred are partial glycerides of the C₁₆ to C₂₂ fatty acids such as glycerol behenat, glycerol monostearate, glycerol palmitostearate and glyceryl distearate as well as triglycerides of the C₁₆ to C₂₂ fatty acids such as glycerol tristearate.

The term “fatty acid” is well acknowledged in the art and includes for example unsaturated representatives such as myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid; as well as saturated representatives such as caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, and cerotic acid.

The term “hydroxy fatty acid” is also well acknowledged in the art and includes for example 2-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 2-hydroxydecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxylauric acid, 2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, β-hydroxymyristic acid, 15-hydroxypentadecanoic acid, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, β-hydroxypalmitic acid, 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, α-hydroxystearic acid, and α-hydroxyarachidic acid.

The fatty acids and the hydroxy fatty acids are preferably saturated.

When the waxy material is or comprises a diglyceride or a triglyceride, the fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids and aromatic acids, respectively, may be identical or different.

According to this embodiment of the invention, the waxy material is preferably a hard fat (adeps solidus) in accordance with Ph. Eur.

Preferably, the waxy material is a monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride or a mixture thereof, selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated palm oil, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, and mixtures thereof.

When the waxy material is or comprises an ester of a fatty acid with a fatty alcohol, the fatty acid is preferably a saturated fatty acid. Preferred examples of fatty acids are already mentioned above in connection with the glycerides. The fatty alcohol is preferably derived from a fatty acid and preferably also saturated.

Preferred representatives of esters of fatty acids with fatty alcohols include but are not limited to natural waxes such as beeswax, camaubawax, candelilla wax, ouricury wax, sugarcane wax, cetyl palmitate, oleyl oleate, cetaceum and retamo wax.

When the waxy material is or comprises paraffin, the paraffin is preferably a hard paraffin (paraffinum solidum, ceresin, zeresin) in accordance with Ph. Eur.

The waxy material may comprise a single waxy material, or a mixture (blend) of different waxy materials, such as two, three, four or five waxy materials, each of which preferably being selected from the group consisting of glycerides, especially monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides; esters of fatty acids with fatty alcohols; and paraffins.

In a preferred embodiment, the waxy material is homogeneously distributed in the one or more particles. According to this embodiment, the pharmacologically active ingredient and the waxy material are intimately homogeneously distributed in the one or more particles, so that the one or more particles do not contain any portions where either the pharmacologically active ingredient is present in the absence of waxy material or where waxy material is present in the absence of the pharmacologically active ingredient.

When the one or more particles are film coated, the waxy material is preferably homogeneously distributed in the one or more particles, i.e. the film coating preferably does not contain waxy material. Nonetheless, the film coating as such may of course contain one or more waxy materials, which however, preferably differ from the waxy materials contained in the body.

Waxy materials that are suitable for use in the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention are commercially available, e.g. Cera alba, Cera flava, Kolliwax™ HCO, Dynasan® 118, Compritol® 888 ATO, Precirol® ATO 5, Gelucire® 44/14, and the like. For details concerning the properties of these products, it can be referred to e.g. the product specification.

The total content of the waxy material is preferably within the range of from 5.0 to 95 wt.-%, more preferably 10 to 90 wt.-%, still more preferably 15 to 85 wt.-%, yet more preferably 20 to 80 wt.-%, even more preferably 25 to 75 wt.-%, most preferably 30 to 70 wt.-%, and in particular 35 to 75 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the prolonged release matrix.

Preferably, the total content of the waxy material is within the range of from 1 to 90 wt.-%, more preferably 3 to 85 wt.-%, still more preferably 5 to 80 wt.-%, yet more preferably 7 to 75 wt.-%, most preferably 10 to 70 wt.-% and in particular 15 to 65 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the waxy material is at least 2 wt.-%, more preferably at least 5 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 10 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 15 wt.-% and in particular at least 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 10±8 wt.-%, more preferably 10±6 wt.-%, most preferably 10±4 wt.-%, and in particular 10±2 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 15±12 wt.-%, more preferably 15±10 wt.-%, most preferably 15±7 wt.-%, and in particular 15±3 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In still another preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 20±16 wt.-%, more preferably 20±12 wt.-%, most preferably 20±8 wt.-%, and in particular 20±4 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 25±20 wt.-%, more preferably 25±15 wt.-%, most preferably 25±10 wt.-%, and in particular 25±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a further preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 30±20 wt.-%, more preferably 30±15 wt.-%, most preferably 30±10 wt.-%, and in particular 30±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In still a further preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 35±20 wt.-%, more preferably 35±15 wt.-%, most preferably 35±10 wt.-%, and in particular 35±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a still further preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 40±20 wt.-%, more preferably 40±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 40±10 wt.-%, and in particular 40±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 45±20 wt.-%, more preferably 45±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 45±10 wt.-%, and in particular 45±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 50±20 wt.-%, more preferably 50±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 50±10 wt.-%, and in particular 50±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 55±20 wt.-%, more preferably 55±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 55±10 wt.-%, and in particular 55±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 60±20 wt.-%, more preferably 60±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 60±10 wt.-%, and in particular 60±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 65±20 wt.-%, more preferably 65±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 65±10 wt.-%, and in particular 65±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 70±20 wt.-%, more preferably 70±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 70±10 wt.-%, and in particular 70±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a yet further preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 75±20 wt.-%, more preferably 75±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 75±10 wt.-%, and in particular 75±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In another preferred embodiment, the total content of waxy material is within the range of 80±20 wt.-%, more preferably 80±15 wt.-%, and most preferably 80±10 wt.-%, and in particular 80±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

Preferably, the relative weight ratio of the waxy material to the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of 20:1 to 1:20, more preferably 15:1 to 1:15, still more preferably 10:1 to 1:10, yet more preferably 7:1 to 1:7, most preferably 5:1 to 1:5, and in particular 2:1 to 1:2.

Besides the pharmacologically active ingredient and the physiologically acceptable polymer the one or more particles may optionally further comprise additional pharmaceutical excipients conventionally contained in pharmaceutical dosage forms in conventional amounts, such as antioxidants, preservatives, lubricants, plasticizer, fillers/binders, and the like.

The skilled person will readily be able to determine appropriate further excipients as well as the quantities of each of these excipients. Specific examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients are described in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, American Pharmaceutical Association (1986).

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles do not contain a disintegrant.

Preferably, the one or more particles further comprise an antioxidant. Suitable antioxidants include ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), salts of ascorbic acid, monothioglycerol, phosphorous acid, vitamin C, vitamin E and the derivatives thereof, coniferyl benzoate, nordihydroguajaretic acid, gallus acid esters, sodium bisulfite, particularly preferably butylhydroxytoluene or butylhydroxyanisole and α-tocopherol. The antioxidant is preferably present in quantities of 0.01 wt.-% to 10 wt.-%, more preferably of 0.03 wt.-% to 5 wt.-%, most preferably of 0.05 wt.-% to 2.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles further comprise an acid, preferably a carboxylic acid, more preferably a multicarboxylic acid, particularly citric acid. The content of acid is preferably in the range of 0.01 wt.-% to about 20 wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 0.02 wt.-% to about 10 wt.-%, and still more preferably in the range of 0.05 wt.-% to about 5 wt.-%, and most preferably in the range of 0.1 wt.-% to about 1.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles contain at least one lubricant. In another preferred embodiment, the one or more particles contain no lubricant.

Especially preferred lubricants are selected from

-   -   magnesium stearate, calcium stearate and stearic acid;     -   polyoxyethylene glycerol fatty acid esters, such as mixtures of         mono-, di- and triesters of glycerol and di- and monoesters of         macrogols having molecular weights within the range of from 200         to 4000 g/mol, e.g., macrogolglycerolcaprylocaprate,         macrogolglycerollaurate, macrogolglycerolococoate,         macrogolglycerollinoleate, macrogol-20-glycerolmonostearate,         macrogol-6-glycerolcaprylocaprate, macrogolglycerololeate;         macrogolglycerolstearate, macrogolglycerolhydroxystearate, and         macrogolglycerolrizinoleate;     -   polyglycolyzed glycerides, such as the one known and         commercially available under the trade name “Labrasol”;     -   fatty alcohols that may be linear or branched, such as         cetylalcohol, stearylalcohol, cetylstearyl alcohol,         2-octyldodecane-1-ol and 2-hexyldecane-1-ol; and     -   polyethylene glycols having a molecular weight between 10.000         and 60.000 g/mol.

Particularly preferred lubricants comprise stearic acid, calcium stearate and stearyl alcohol or a mixture thereof.

Preferably, the content of the lubricant ranges from 0.01 wt.-% to about 10 or 15 wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 0.05 wt.-% to about 7.5 wt.-%, most preferably in the range of 0.1 wt.-% to about 5 wt.-% or 1.5 wt.-% to about 4 wt, and in particular in the range of 0.1 wt.-% to about 1 wt.-% or 3.5 to about 5.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

When the one or more particles contain(s) more than one lubricant, preferably, the overall content of the lubricant ranges from 3 wt.-% to about 20 wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 5 wt.-% to about 15 wt.-%, most preferably in the range of 7 wt.-% to about 12 wt.-%, and in particular in the range of 8 wt.-% to about 10 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

Preferably, the one or more particles further comprise a plasticizer. The plasticizer improves the processability of the prolonged release matrix material. A preferred plasticizer is polyalkylene glycol, like polyethylene glycol, triethyl citrate (TEC), triacetin, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, waxes and/or microcrystalline waxes. Particularly preferred plasticizers are polyethylene glycols, such as PEG 6000. Further particularly preferred plasticizers comprise triethyl citrate (TEC), stearic acid, calcium stearate and stearyl alcohol or a mixture thereof.

Preferably, the content of the plasticizer is within the range of from 0.5 to 30 wt.-%, more preferably 1.0 to 25 wt.-%, still more preferably 2.5 wt.-% to 22.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 5.0 wt.-% to 20 wt.-%, most preferably 6 to 20 wt.-% and in particular 7 wt.-% to 17.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

When the one or more particles contain more than one plasticizer, preferably, the overall amount of the plasticizer ranges from 3 wt.-% to about 20 wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 5 wt.-% to about 20 wt.-% or to about 15 wt.-%, most preferably in the range of 7 wt.-% to about 20 wt.-% or to about 12 wt.-%, and in particular in the range of 8 wt.-% to about 20 wt.-% or to about 10 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the one or more particles.

Plasticizers can sometimes act as a lubricant, and lubricants can sometimes act as a plasticizer.

Preferably, the one or more particles further comprise a filler/binder. A preferred filler/binder is selected from celluloses, cellulose derivatives such as cellulose ethers and cellulose esters, and tricalcium phosphate. A particularly preferred filler/binder is selected from cellulose esters and cellulose ethers, in particular hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC).

The content of the filler/binder, preferably HPMC, preferably ranges from 0.1 wt.-% to about 30 wt.-%, more preferably in the range of 1.0 wt.-% to about 20 wt.-%, and most preferably in the range of 2.0 wt.-% to about 15 wt.-% relative to the total weight of the one or more particles.

In a preferred embodiment, besides the pharmacologically active ingredient that may have any solubility in aqueous ethanol, relative to the total weight of the one or more particles, the one or more particles according to the invention preferably contain at most 25 wt.-%, more preferably at most 20 wt.-%, still more preferably at most 15 wt.-%, yet more preferably at most 10 wt.-%, even more preferably at most 5.0 wt.-%, most preferably at most 2.5 wt.-%, and in particular at most 1.0 wt.-% of ingredients (prolonged release matrix material, excipients, and the like) having at room temperature in aqueous ethanol (40 vol.-%) a solubility of at least 100 mg/ml, more preferably a solubility of at least 75 mg/ml, still more preferably a solubility of at least 50 mg/ml, yet more preferably a solubility of at least 25 mg/ml, even more preferably a solubility of at least 10 mg/ml, most preferably a solubility of at least 5.0 mg/ml, and in particular a solubility of at least 1.0 mg/ml.

Preferred contents of the pharmacologically active ingredient, physiologically acceptable polymer, and excipients, relative to the total weight of the one or more particles, are summarized as embodiments B¹ to B²⁸ in the tables here below:

wt.-% B¹ B² B³ B⁴ pharmacologically active ingredient 40 ± 30 40 ± 20 40 ± 10 40 ± 5 physiologically acceptable polymer 50 ± 30 50 ± 20 50 ± 10 50 ± 5 pharmaceutical excipients 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 wt.-% B⁵ B⁶ B⁷ B⁸ pharmacologically active ingredient 30 ± 25 30 ± 20 30 ± 10 30 ± 5 physiologically acceptable polymer 50 ± 30 50 ± 20 50 ± 10 50 ± 5 pharmaceutical excipients 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 wt.-% B⁹ B¹⁰ B¹¹ B¹² pharmacologically active ingredient 20 ± 15 20 ± 12.5 20 ± 10 20 ± 5 physiologically acceptable polymer 50 ± 30 50 ± 20 50 ± 10 50 ± 5 pharmaceutical excipients 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 wt.-% B¹³ B¹⁴ B¹⁵ B¹⁶ pharmacologically active ingredient 10 ± 7.5 10 ± 7.5 10 ± 5 10 ± 5 physiologically acceptable polymer 50 ± 30 50 ± 20 50 ± 10 50 ± 10 pharmaceutical excipients 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 wt.-% B¹⁷ B¹⁸ B¹⁹ B²⁰ pharmacologically active ingredient 20 ± 15 20 ± 12.5 20 ± 10 20 ± 5 physiologically acceptable polymer 40 ± 30 40 ± 20 40 ± 10 40 ± 5 pharmaceutical excipients 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 wt.-% B²¹ B²² B²³ B²⁴ pharmacologically active ingredient 20 ± 15 20 ± 12.5 20 ± 10 20 ± 5 physiologically acceptable polymer 60 ± 40 60 ± 30 60 ± 20 60 ± 10 pharmaceutical excipients 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 wt.-% B²⁵ B²⁶ B²⁷ B²⁸ pharmacologically active ingredient 10 ± 9 10 ± 7 10 ± 5 10 ± 3 physiologically acceptable polymer 70 ± 40 60 ± 30 60 ± 20 60 ± 10 pharmaceutical excipients 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20 20 ± 20

Preferably, the one or more particles provide prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient. Preferably, the physiologically acceptable polymer forms a prolonged release matrix that provides for a prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient from the one or more particles.

Preferably, under in vitro conditions the pharmaceutical dosage form has released after 30 minutes 0.1 to 75%, after 240 minutes 0.5 to 95%, after 480 minutes 1.0 to 100% and after 720 minutes 2.5 to 100% of the pharmacologically active ingredient.

Suitable in vitro conditions are known to the skilled artisan. In this regard it can be referred to, e.g., the Eur. Ph. Preferably, the release profile is measured under the following conditions: Paddle apparatus equipped without sinker, 50 rpm, 37±5° C., 600 mL simulated intestinal fluid pH 6.8 (phosphate buffer) or pH 4.5. In a preferred embodiment, the rotational speed of the paddle is increased to 75 rpm. In another preferred embodiment, the release profile is determined under the following conditions: basket method, 75 rpm, 37±5° C., 600 mL 0.1 N HCl or 600 mL of SIF sp (pH 6.8) or 600 mL of 0.1 N HCl+40% ethanol.

Preferred release profiles R¹ to R⁶ are summarized in the table here below [all data in wt.-% of released pharmacologically active ingredient]:

time R¹ R² R³ R⁴ R⁵ R⁶  60 min  0-30 0-50  0-50 15-25 20-30 20-50  120 min  0-40 0-75  0-75 25-40 35-50 40-75  240 min  3-55 3-95 10-95 40-70 55-75 60-95  480 min 10-65 10-100  35-100 60-90 80-95  80-100  720 min 20-75 20-100  55-100  70-100  90-100  90-100  960 min 30-88 30-100  70-100 >80  95-100 1440 min  50-100 50-100 >90 2160 min >80 >80

Further preferred release profiles R⁷ to R¹³ are summarized in the table here below [all data in wt.-% of released pharmacologically active ingredient]:

time R⁷ R⁸ R⁹ R¹⁰ R¹¹ R¹² R¹³  30 min 17.5 ± 7.5 17.5 ± 6.5 17.5 ± 5.5 17.5 ± 4.5 17.5 ± 3.5 17.5 ± 2.5 15 ± 6.5  60 min 27.0 ± 8.0 27.0 ± 7.0 27.0 ± 6.0 27.0 ± 5.0 27.0 ± 4.0 27.0 ± 3.0 20 ± 7.0  120 min 41.5 ± 9.5 41.5 ± 8.5 41.5 ± 7.5 41.5 ± 6.5 41.5 ± 5.5 41.5 ± 4.5 25 ± 8.5  240 min  64.5 ± 12.5  64.5 ± 11.5  64.5 ± 10.5 64.5 ± 9.5 64.5 ± 8.5 64.5 ± 7.5  37 ± 11.5  480 min  88.0 ± 12.0  88.0 ± 11.0  88.0 ± 10.0 88.0 ± 9.0 88.0 ± 8.0 88.0 ± 7.0  50 ± 11.0  720 min 96.0 ± 9.0 96.0 ± 8.0 96.0 ± 7.0 96.0 ± 6.0 96.0 ± 5.0 96.0 ± 4.0 58 ± 8.0  840 min 97.5 ± 7.5 97.5 ± 6.5 97.5 ± 5.5 97.5 ± 4.5 97.5 ± 3.5 97.5 ± 2.5 67 ± 15 

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention has released at most 50% of the pharmacologically active ingredient after 60 min measured under in vitro conditions and in accordance with Ph. Eur.

In a particularly preferred embodiment; under in vitro conditions in 600 mL 0.1 N HCl, using the basket method according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm, after 1 h under physiological conditions, the pharmaceutical dosage form has released at most 60%, more preferably at most 55%, still more preferably at most 50%, yet more preferably at most 45%, even more preferably at most 40%, most preferably at most 3% and in particular at most 30% of the pharmacologically active ingredient relative to the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient originally contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the release profile, the pharmacologically active ingredient, the physiologically acceptable polymer and optionally present pharmaceutical excipients of the one or more particles are stable upon storage, preferably upon storage at elevated temperature, e.g. 40° C., for 3 months in sealed containers.

In connection with the release profile “stable” preferably means that when comparing the initial release profile with the release profile after storage, at any given time point the release profiles deviate from one another by not more than 20%, more preferably not more than 15%, still more preferably not more than 10%, yet more preferably not more than 7.5%, most preferably not more than 5.0% and in particular not more than 2.5%.

In connection with a pharmacologically active ingredient, the physiologically acceptable polymer and the pharmaceutical excipients “stable” preferably means that the particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form satisfy the requirements of EMA concerning shelf-life of pharmaceutical products.

Preferably, after storage for 4 weeks, more preferably 6 months, at 40° C. and 75% rel. humidity, the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient in the one or more particles and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, amounts to at least 98.0%, more preferably at least 98.5%, still more preferably at least 99.0%, yet more preferably at least 99.2%, most preferably at least 99.4% and in particular at least 99.6%, of its original content before storage.

The tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises one or more particles each having a breaking strength of at least 300 N. Preferably, the one or more particles exhibit a higher breaking strength than the further excipient(s).

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer have a breaking strength of at least 300 N. When the pharmaceutical dosage form comprises more than one particle containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, preferably at least a fraction of the individual particles, i.e. at least one or more particles have a breaking strength of at least 300 N.

Preferably, the mechanical properties, particularly the breaking strength, substantially rely on the presence and spatial distribution of the physiologically acceptable polymer, although its mere presence does typically not suffice in order to achieve said properties. The advantageous mechanical properties may not automatically be achieved by simply processing pharmacologically active ingredient, physiologically acceptable polymer, and optionally further excipients by means of conventional methods for the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. In fact, usually suitable apparatuses must be selected for the preparation and critical processing parameters must be adjusted, particularly pressure/force, temperature and time. Thus, even if conventional apparatuses are used, the process protocols usually must be adapted in order to meet the required criteria.

In general, the desired properties may be obtained only if, during preparation of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer,

-   -   suitable components     -   in suitable amounts are exposed to     -   a sufficient pressure     -   at a sufficient temperature     -   for a sufficient period of time.

Thus, regardless of the apparatus used, the process protocols must be adapted in order to meet the required criteria. Therefore, the breaking strength is separable from the composition.

The one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer preferably have a breaking strength of at least 300 N, at least 400 N, or at least 500 N, preferably at least 600 N, more preferably at least 700 N, still more preferably at least 800 N, yet more preferably at least 1000 N, most preferably at least 1250 N and in particular at least 1500 N.

The “breaking strength” (resistance to crushing) of a pharmaceutical dosage form or a particle is known to the skilled person. In this regard it can be referred to, e.g., W. A. Ritschel, Die Tablette, 2. Auflage, Editio Cantor Verlag Aulendorf, 2002; H Liebermann et al., Pharmaceutical dosage forms: Pharmaceutical dosage forms, Vol. 2, Informa Healthcare; 2 edition, 1990; and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Informa Healthcare; 1 edition.

For the purpose of the specification, the breaking strength is preferably defined as the amount of force that is necessary in order to fracture a pharmaceutical dosage form and a particle, respectively (=breaking force). Therefore, for the purpose of the specification a pharmaceutical dosage form and particle, respectively, does preferably not exhibit the desired breaking strength when it breaks, i.e., is fractured into at least two independent parts that are separated from one another. In another preferred embodiment, however, the pharmaceutical dosage form and particle, respectively, is regarded as being broken if the force decreases by 25% (threshold value) of the highest force measured during the measurement (see below).

When the pharmaceutical dosage form is a capsule, e.g. a hard gelatine capsule, the true quantitative breaking strength of the capsule is difficult to measure; it may occur that the capsule does not fracture in the course of the measurement because of its flexibility. As conventional capsules apparently to not exhibit any increased breaking strength, for the purpose of specification the quantitative breaking strength of a capsule can preferably be regarded as being 0 N.

The one or more particles according to the invention are distinguished from conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms in that due to their breaking strength, they cannot be pulverized by the application of force with conventional means, such as for example a pestle and mortar, a hammer, a mallet or other usual means for pulverization, in particular devices developed for this purpose (pharmaceutical dosage form crushers). In this regard “pulverization” means crumbling into small particles. Avoidance of pulverization virtually rules out oral or parenteral, in particular intravenous or nasal abuse.

Preferably, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are tamper-resistant and provide resistance against grinding.

Conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms and particulate or monolithic particles, respectively, typically have a breaking strength well below 200 N.

The breaking strength of conventional round pharmaceutical dosage forms and particles may be estimated according to the following empirical formula:

Breaking Strength [in N]=10×Diameter of pharmaceutical dosage form/particulate [in mm].

Thus, according to said empirical formula, a round pharmaceutical dosage form/particle having a breaking strength of at least 300 N would require a diameter of at least 30 mm. Such a particle however, could not be swallowed, let alone a pharmaceutical dosage form containing a plurality of such particles. The above empirical formula preferably does not apply to the one or more particles according to the invention, which is not conventional but rather special.

Further, the actual mean chewing force is about 220 N (cf., e.g., P. A. Proeschel et al., J Dent Res, 2002, 81(7), 464-468). This means that conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms and particles, respectively, having a breaking strength well below 200 N may be crushed upon spontaneous chewing, whereas the one or more particles according to the invention may preferably not.

Still further, when applying a gravitational acceleration of about 9.81 m/s², 300 N correspond to a gravitational force of more than 30 kg, i.e. the one or more particles according to the invention can preferably withstand a weight of more than 30 kg without being pulverized.

Methods for measuring the breaking strength are known to the skilled artisan. Suitable devices are commercially available.

For example, the breaking strength (resistance to crushing) can be measured in accordance with the Eur. Ph. 5.0, 2.9.8 or 6.0, 2.09.08 “Resistance to Crushing of Pharmaceutical dosage forms”. The particles may be subjected to the same or similar breaking strength test as the pharmaceutical dosage form. The test is intended to determine, under defined conditions, the resistance to crushing of pharmaceutical dosage forms and individual particles, respectively, measured by the force needed to disrupt them by crushing. The apparatus consists of 2 jaws facing each other, one of which moves towards the other. The flat surfaces of the jaws are perpendicular to the direction of movement. The crushing surfaces of the jaws are flat and larger than the zone of contact with the pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particle, respectively. The apparatus is calibrated using a system with a precision of 1 Newton. The pharmaceutical dosage form and particle, respectively, is placed between the jaws, taking into account, where applicable, the shape, the break-mark and the inscription; for each measurement the pharmaceutical dosage form and particle, respectively, is oriented in the same way with respect to the direction of application of the force (and the direction of extension in which the breaking strength is to be measured). The measurement is carried out on 10 pharmaceutical dosage forms and particles, respectively, taking care that all fragments have been removed before each determination. The result is expressed as the mean, minimum and maximum values of the forces measured, all expressed in Newton. A similar description of the breaking strength (breaking force) can be found in the USP. The breaking strength can alternatively be measured in accordance with the method described therein where it is stated that the breaking strength is the force required to cause a pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particles, respectively, to fail (i.e., break) in a specific plane. The pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particle, respectively, is generally placed between two platens, one of which moves to apply sufficient force to the pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particle, respectively, to cause fracture. For conventional, round (circular cross-section) pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particles, respectively, loading occurs across their diameter (sometimes referred to as diametral loading), and fracture occurs in the plane. The breaking force of pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particle, respectively, is commonly called hardness in the pharmaceutical literature; however, the use of this term is misleading. In material science, the term hardness refers to the resistance of a surface to penetration or indentation by a small probe. The term crushing strength is also frequently used to describe the resistance of pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particles, respectively, to the application of a compressive load. Although this term describes the true nature of the test more accurately than does hardness, it implies that pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particles, respectively, are actually crushed during the test, which is often not the case.

Alternatively, the breaking strength (resistance to crushing) can be measured in accordance with WO 2008/107149, which can be regarded as a modification of the method described in the Eur. Ph. The apparatus used for the measurement is preferably a “Zwick Z 2.5” materials tester, F_(max), =2.5 kN with a maximum draw of 1150 mm, which should be set up with one column and one spindle, a clearance behind of 100 mm and a test speed adjustable between 0.1 and 800 mm/min together with testControl software. Measurement is performed using a pressure piston with screw-in inserts and a cylinder (diameter 10 mm), a force transducer, F_(max). 1 kN, diameter=8 mm, class 0.5 from 10 N, class 1 from 2 N to ISO 7500-1, with manufacturer's test certificate M according to DIN 55350-18 (Zwick gross force F_(max)=1.45 kN) (all apparatus from Zwick GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, Germany) with Order No BTC-FR 2.5 TH. D09 for the tester, Order No BTC-LC 0050N. P01 for the force transducer, Order No BO 70000 S06 for the centring device.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particle, respectively, is regarded as being broken if it is fractured into at least two separate pieces.

The one or more particles according to the invention preferably exhibit(s) mechanical strength over a wide temperature range, in addition to the breaking strength (resistance to crushing) optionally also sufficient hardness, impact resistance, impact elasticity, tensile strength and/or modulus of elasticity, optionally also at low temperatures (e.g. below −24° C., below −40° C. or possibly even in liquid nitrogen), for it to be virtually impossible to pulverize by spontaneous chewing, grinding in a mortar, pounding, etc. Thus, preferably, the comparatively high breaking strength of the one or more particles according to the invention is maintained even at low or very low temperatures, e.g., when the pharmaceutical dosage form is initially chilled to increase its brittleness, for example to temperatures below −25° C., below −40° C. or even in liquid nitrogen.

The one or more particles according to the invention is/are characterized by a certain degree of breaking strength. This does not mean that it must also exhibit a certain degree of hardness. Hardness and breaking strength are different physical properties. Therefore, the preferred tamper-resistance of the one or more particles does not necessarily depend on the hardness of the one or more particles. For instance, due to its breaking strength, impact strength, elasticity modulus and tensile strength, respectively, the one or more particles can preferably be deformed, e.g. plastically, when exerting an external force, for example using a hammer, but cannot be pulverized, i.e., crumbled into a high number of fragments. In other words, the one or more particles according to the invention is/are characterized by a certain degree of breaking strength, but not necessarily also by a certain degree of form stability.

Therefore, in the meaning of the specification, a pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particle, respectively, that is deformed when being exposed to a force in a particular direction of extension but that does not break (plastic deformation or plastic flow) is preferably to be regarded as having the desired breaking strength in said direction of extension.

Preferred pharmaceutical dosage forms and individual particles, respectively, are those having a suitable tensile strength as determined by a test method currently accepted in the art. Further pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particles, respectively, are those having a Youngs Modulus as determined by a test method of the art. Still further pharmaceutical dosage form and individual particles, respectively, are those having an acceptable elongation at break.

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are tamper-resistant and provide(s) resistance against grinding and/or resistance against solvent extraction and/or resistance against dose-dumping in aqueous ethanol.

Tamper-resistant preferably means that the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer

-   (i) preferably provide(s) resistance against solvent extraction,     and/or -   (ii) preferably provide(s) resistance against grinding, and/or -   (iii) preferably provide(s) resistance against dose-dumping in     aqueous ethanol.

Thus, the one or more particles according to the invention do not necessarily need to exhibit any of resistances (i) to (iii); but may preferably exhibit any of resistances (i) to (iii) as well as any combination thereof; namely only (i); only (ii); only (iii); a combination of only (i) and (ii); a combination of only (i) and (iii); a combination of only (ii) and (iii); or a combination of (i) and (ii) and (iii).

Preferably, prolonged release of the pharmacologically active ingredient is achieved by a prolonged release matrix contained in the one or more particles which prolonged release matrix additionally provides tamper-resistance in terms of resistance against solvent extraction, resistance against grinding, and resistance against dose-dumping in aqueous ethanol.

As used herein, the term “tamper-resistant” refers to pharmaceutical dosage forms or particles that are resistant to conversion into a form suitable for misuse or abuse, particular for nasal and/or intravenous administration, by conventional means.

In this regard, the pharmaceutical dosage form as such it may be crushable by conventional means such as grinding in a mortar or crushing by means of a hammer. However, the one or more particles contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form preferably exhibit mechanical properties such that they cannot be pulverized by conventional means any further. As the one or more particles are of macroscopic size and contain the pharmacologically active ingredient, they cannot be administered nasally thereby rendering the pharmaceutical dosage form tamper-resistant.

Further, when trying to disrupt the pharmaceutical dosage forms by means of a hammer or mortar, the particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer tend to adhere to one another thereby forming aggregates and agglomerates, respectively, which are larger in size than the untreated particles.

Preferably, the prolonged release matrix of the one or more particles provides resistance against solvent extraction.

Preferably, when trying to tamper the pharmaceutical dosage form in order to prepare a formulation suitable for abuse by intravenous administration, the liquid part of the formulation that can be separated from the remainder by means of a syringe at room temperature is as less as possible, preferably it contains not more than 45 or 40 wt.-%, more preferably not more than 35 wt.-%, still more preferably not more than 30 wt.-%, yet more preferably not more than 25 wt.-%, even more preferably not more than 20 wt.-%, most preferably not more than 15 wt.-% and in particular not more than 10 wt.-% of the originally contained pharmacologically active ingredient.

Preferably, this property is tested by (i) dispensing a pharmaceutical dosage form that is either intact or has been manually comminuted by means of two spoons in 5 ml of solvent, either purified water or aqueous ethanol (40 vol. %), (ii) allowing the dispersion to stand for 10 min at room temperature, (iii) drawing up the hot liquid into a syringe (needle 21G equipped with a cigarette filter), and (iv) determining the amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient contained in the liquid within the syringe.

Preferably, the prolonged release matrix of the one or more particles contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention provides resistance against grinding.

Preferably, when the one or more particles are treated with a commercial coffee mill, preferably type Bosch MKM6000, 180W, Typ KM13 for 2 minutes, 42±17.5 wt.-%, more preferably 42±15 wt.-%, still more preferably 42±12.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 42±10 wt.-%, even more preferably 42±7.5 wt.-%, most preferably 42±5 wt.-%, and in particular 42±2.5 wt.-%, of the total weight of the thus obtained material does not pass a sieve having a mesh size of 1.000 mm.

Preferably, when the one or more particles are treated with a commercial coffee mill, preferably type Bosch MKM6000, 180W, Typ KM13, for 2 minutes, 57±17.5 wt.-%, more preferably 57±15 wt.-%, still more preferably 57±12.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 57±10 wt.-%, even more preferably 57±7.5 wt.-%, most preferably 57±5 wt.-%, and in particular 57±2.5 wt.-%, of the total weight of the thus obtained material does not pass a sieve having a mesh size of 1.000 mm.

Preferably, when the one or more particles are treated with a commercial coffee mill, preferably type Bosch MKM6000, 180W, Typ KM13, for 2 minutes, at least 50 wt.-%, more preferably at least 55 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 60 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 65 wt.-%, even more preferably at least 70 wt.-%, most preferably at least 75 wt.-%, and in particular at least 80 wt.-%, of the total weight of the thus obtained material does not pass a sieve having a mesh size of 1.000 mm.

Preferably, when the pharmaceutical dosage form is treated with a commercial coffee mill, preferably type Bosch MKM6000, 180W, Typ KM13 for 2 minutes, 42±17.5 wt.-%, more preferably 42±15 wt.-%, still more preferably 42±12.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 42±10 wt.-%, even more preferably 42±7.5 wt.-%, most preferably 42±5 wt.-%, and in particular 42±2.5 wt.-%, of the total weight of the thus obtained material does not pass a sieve having a mesh size of 1.000 mm.

Preferably, when the pharmaceutical dosage form is treated with a commercial coffee mill, preferably type Bosch MKM6000, 180W, Typ KM13, for 2 minutes, 57±17.5 wt.-%, more preferably 57±15 wt.-%, still more preferably 57±12.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably 57±10 wt.-%, even more preferably 57±7.5 wt.-%, most preferably 57±5 wt.-%, and in particular 57±2.5 wt.-%, of the total weight of the thus obtained material does not pass a sieve having a mesh size of 1.000 mm.

Preferably, when the pharmaceutical dosage form is treated with a commercial coffee mill, preferably type Bosch MKM6000, 180W, Typ KM13, for 2 minutes, at least 50 wt.-%, more preferably at least 55 wt.-%, still more preferably at least 60 wt.-%, yet more preferably at least 65 wt.-%, even more preferably at least 70 wt.-%, most preferably at least 75 wt.-%, and in particular at least 80 wt.-%, of the total weight of the thus obtained material does not pass a sieve having a mesh size of 1.000 mm.

Particle size distributions of the ground pharmaceutical dosage form are preferably determined by sieve analysis.

In a preferred embodiment, after treatment with a commercial coffee mill as described above, more than 55%, more preferably more than 60%, still more preferably more than 65%, yet more preferably more than 70%, most preferably 75% and in particular more than 80% of the particles of the ground one or more particles and pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, have a size in the range of from 0.2 to 3.3 nm, more preferably of from 0.4 to 3.1 nm, most preferably of from 0.6 to 2.9 and in particular of from 0.7 to 2.8 nm.

Preferred particle size distributions P¹ to P⁶ are summarized in the table here below:

particle size amount [wt.-%] [nm] P¹ P² P³ P⁴ P⁵ P⁶ <0.045 0.5 ± 0.4  0.1 ± 0.09  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29 0.045-0.063 0.5 ± 0.4  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29 0.063-0.090 0.5 ± 0.4  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29 1.0 ± 0.9  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29 0.090-0.125 0.5 ± 0.4  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29 1.0 ± 0.9  0.3 ± 0.29 1.0 ± 0.9 0.125-0.180 0.5 ± 0.4 3.0 ± 2.9 2.0 ± 1.5 2.0 ± 1.5 1.0 ± 0.9 1.0 ± 0.9 0.180-0.250 1.5 ± 1.4 1.0 ± 0.8 2.0 ± 1.5 1.0 ± 0.9 2.0 ± 1.5 1.0 ± 0.9 0.250-0.355 4.0 ± 3.5 5.0 ± 4.0 4.0 ± 3.5 3.5 ± 2.5 5.0 ± 4.0 3.0 ± 2.9 0.355-0.500 7.0 ± 6.0 5.0 ± 4.0 6.0 ± 4.5 7.0 ± 6.0 7.0 ± 6.0 7.0 ± 6.0 0.500-0.710 11.0 ± 8.0  9.0 ± 7.0 11.0 ± 8.0  10.0 ± 7.0  13.0 ± 10.0 9.0 ± 7.0 0.710-1.000 15.0 ± 12.0 10.0 ± 7.0  17.0 ± 14.0 18.0 ± 15.0 18.0 ± 15.0 13.0 ± 10.0 1.000-1.400 20.0 ± 17.0 18.0 ± 15.0 23.0 ± 20.0 28.0 ± 25.0 25.0 ± 22.0 20.0 ± 17.0 1.400-2.000 23.0 ± 20.0 19.0 ± 16.0 12.0 ± 9.0  18.0 ± 15.0 10.0 ± 7.0  22.0 ± 19.0 2.000-2.800 13.0 ± 10.0 16.0 ± 13.0 13.0 ± 10.0 11.0 ± 8.0  14.0 ± 11.0 12.0 ± 9.0  2.800-4.000 1.0 ± 0.8 14.0 ± 11.0 12.0 ± 9.0   0.3 ± 0.29 4.0 ± 3.5 9.0 ± 7.0 >4.00   0.5 ± 0.45  0.3 ± 0.29  0.3 ± 0.29  0.5 ± 0.45  0.3 ± 0.29  0.5 ± 0.45

Preferably, the prolonged release matrix of the one or more particles contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention provides resistance against dose-dumping in aqueous ethanol.

The pharmaceutical dosage form can be tested in vitro using ethanol/simulated gastric fluid of 0%, 20% and 40% to evaluate alcohol extractability. Testing is preferably performed using standard procedures, e.g. USP Apparatus 1 (basket) or USP Apparatus 2 (paddle) at e.g. 50 rpm in e.g. 500 ml of media at 37° C., using a Perkin Elmer UV/VIS Spectrometer Lambda 20, UV at an appropriate wavelength for detection of the pharmacologically active ingredient present therein. Sample time points preferably include 0.5 and 1 hour.

Preferably, when comparing the in vitro release profile at 37° C. in simulated gastric fluid with the in vitro release profile in ethanol/simulated gastric fluid (40 vol.-%) at 37° C., the in vitro release in ethanol/simulated gastric fluid (40 vol.-%) is preferably not substantially accelerated compared to the in vitro release in simulated gastric fluid. Preferably, in this regard “substantially” means that at any given time point the in vitro release in ethanol/simulated gastric fluid (40 vol.-%) relatively deviates from the in vitro release in simulated gastric fluid by not more than +25%, more preferably not more than +20%, still more preferably not more than +15%, yet more preferably not more than +10%, even more preferably not more than +7.5%, most preferably not more than +5.0% and in particular not more than +2.5%.

A substantial relative acceleration of the in vitro release in ethanol/simulated gastric fluid (40 vol.-%) compared to the in vitro release in simulated gastric fluid is to be prevented according to the invention. However, a substantial relative deceleration of the in vitro release in ethanol/simulated gastric fluid (40 vol.-%) compared to the in vitro release in simulated gastric fluid, e.g., a relative deviation by −25% or more, may be possible and can even be desirable.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains no further pharmacologically active ingredient and/or wherein the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form is contained in the one or more particles In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains a further pharmacologically active ingredient. In a preferred embodiment, the further pharmacologically active ingredient exhibits no psychotropic action. In another preferred embodiment, the further pharmacologically active ingredient is selected from ATC classes [M01A], [M01C], [N02B] and [N02C] according to the WHO.

In a particularly preferred embodiment,

-   (i) the pharmacologically active ingredient has a psychotropic     effect; and/or -   (ii) the further pharmacologically active ingredient is selected     from ATC classes [M01A], [M01C], [N02B] and [N02C] according to the     WHO.

Preferably, the further pharmacologically active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of acetylsalicylic acid, aloxiprin, choline salicylate, sodium salicylate, salicylamide, salsalate, ethenzamide, morpholine salicylate, dipyrocetyl, benorilate, diflunisal, potassium salicylate, guacetisal, carbasalate calcium, imidazole salicylate, phenazone, metamizole sodium, aminophenazone, propyphenazone, nifenazone, paracetamol, phenacetin, bucetin, propacetamol, rimazolium, glafenine, floctafenine, viminol, nefopam, flupirtine, ziconotide, methoxyflurane, nabiximols, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methysergide, lisuride, flumedroxone, sumatriptan, naratriptan, zolmitriptan, rizatriptan, almotriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, pizotifen, clonidine, iprazochrome, dimetotiazine, oxetorone, phenylbutazone, mofebutazone, oxyphenbutazone, clofezone, kebuzone, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, diclofenac, alclofenac, bumadizone, etodolac, lonazolac, fentiazac, acemetacin, difenpiramide, oxametacin, proglumetacin, ketorolac, aceclofenac, bufexamac, piroxicam, tenoxicam, droxicam, lomoxicam, meloxicam, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, fenbufen, benoxaprofen, suprofen, pirprofen, flurbiprofen, indoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, oxaprozin, ibuproxam, dexibuprofen, flunoxaprofen, alminoprofen, dexketoprofen, naproxcinod, mefenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, flufenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, etoricoxib, lumiracoxib, nabumetone, niflumic acid, azapropazone, glucosamine, benzydamine, glucosaminoglycan polysulfate, proquazone, orgotein, nimesulide, feprazone, diacerein, momiflumate, tenidap, oxaceprol, chondroitin sulfate, oxycinchophen, sodium aurothiomalate, sodium aurotiosulfate, auranofin, aurothioglucose, aurotioprol, penicillamine, bucillamine, their physiologically acceptable salts, as well as mixtures thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the further pharmacologically active ingredient is paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen, more preferably paracetamol.

Preferred combinations C¹ to C³² of the pharmacologically active ingredient and the further pharmacologically active ingredient are summarized in the table here below, wherein the pharmacologically active ingredient as well as the further pharmacologically active ingredient each also refer to the physiologically acceptable salts thereof, particularly to the hydrochlorides:

A¹ A² C¹ oxycodone ibuprofen C² oxymorphone ibuprofen C³ hydrocodone ibuprofen C⁴ hydromorphone ibuprofen C⁵ morphine ibuprofen C⁶ tapentadol ibuprofen C⁷ tramadol ibuprofen C⁸ buprenorphine ibuprofen C⁹ oxycodone paracetamol C¹⁰ oxymorphone paracetamol C¹¹ hydrocodone paracetamol C¹² hydromorphone paracetamol C¹³ morphine paracetamol C¹⁴ tapentadol paracetamol C¹⁵ tramadol paracetamol C¹⁶ buprenorphine paracetamol C¹⁷ oxycodone diclofenac C¹⁸ oxymorphone diclofenac C¹⁹ hydrocodone diclofenac C²⁰ hydromorphone diclofenac C²¹ morphine diclofenac C²² tapentadol diclofenac C²³ tramadol diclofenac C²⁴ buprenorphine diclofenac C²⁵ oxycodone acetylsalicyclic acid C²⁶ oxymorphone acetylsalicyclic acid C²⁷ hydrocodone acetylsalicyclic acid C²⁸ hydromorphone acetylsalicyclic acid C²⁹ morphine acetylsalicyclic acid C³⁰ tapentadol acetylsalicyclic acid C³ tramadol acetylsalicyclic acid C³² buprenorphine acetylsalicyclic acid

The further pharmacologically active ingredient is present in the pharmaceutical dosage form in a therapeutically effective amount. In general, the amount that constitutes a therapeutically effective amount varies according to the pharmacologically active ingredients being used, the condition being treated, the severity of said condition, the patient being treated, and whether the pharmaceutical dosage form is designed for an immediate or retarded release.

The total content of the further pharmacologically active ingredient preferably ranges from about 0.01 wt.-% to about 95 wt.-%, more preferably from about 0.1 wt.-% to about 80 wt.-%, even more preferably from about 1.0 wt.-% to about 50 wt.-%, yet more preferably from about 1.5 wt.-% to about 30 wt.-%, and most preferably from about 2.0 wt.-% to 20 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the total content of the further pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 0.01 to 80 wt.-%, more preferably 0.1 to 50 wt.-%, still more preferably 1 to 25 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the further pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 20±15 wt.-%, more preferably 20±12 wt.-%, still more preferably 20±10 wt.-%, most preferably 20±7 wt.-%, and in particular 20±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the further pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 30±15 wt.-%, more preferably 30±12 wt.-%, still more preferably 30±10 wt.-%, most preferably 30±7 wt.-%, and in particular 30±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the further pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 40±15 wt.-%, more preferably 40±12 wt.-%, still more preferably 40±10 wt.-%, most preferably 40±7 wt.-%, and in particular 40±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the further pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 50±15 wt.-%, more preferably 50±12 wt.-%, still more preferably 50±10 wt.-%, most preferably 50±7 wt.-%, and in particular 50±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form. In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the further pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of from 60±15 wt.-%, more preferably 60±12 wt.-%, still more preferably 60±10 wt.-%, most preferably 60±7 wt.-%, and in particular 60±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

The total amount of the further pharmacologically active ingredient in the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, is not limited. The total amount of the further pharmacologically active ingredient which is adapted for administration preferably is in the range of 0.1 mg to 2,000 mg or 0.1 mg to 1,000 mg or 0.1 mg to 500 mg, more preferably in the range of 1.0 mg to 400 mg, even more preferably in the range of 5.0 mg to 300 mg, and most preferably in the range of 10 mg to 250 mg. In a preferred embodiment, the total amount of the further pharmacologically active ingredient which is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, is within the range of from 10 to 1,000 mg, more preferably 50 to 900 mg, still more preferably 100 to 800 mg, yet more preferably 200 to 600 mg, most preferably 250 to 500 mg and in particular 300 to 400 mg. In another preferred embodiment, the total amount of the further pharmacologically active ingredient which is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, is within the range of from 10 to 500 mg, more preferably 12 to 450 mg, still more preferably 14 to 400 mg, yet more preferably 16 to 350 mg, most preferably 18 to 325 mg and in particular 20 to 300 mg.

In a preferred embodiment, the further pharmacologically active ingredient is contained in the further excipient(s) and the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in an amount of 7.5±5 mg, 10±5 mg, 20±5 mg, 30±5 mg, 40±5 mg, 50±5 mg, 60±5 mg, 70±5 mg, 80±5 mg, 90±5 mg, 100±5 mg, 110±5 mg, 120±5 mg, 130±5, 140±5 mg, 150±5 mg, 160±5 mg, 170±5 mg, 180±5 mg, 190±5 mg, 200±5 mg, 210±5 mg, 220±5 mg, 230±5 mg, 240±5 mg, or 250±5 mg. In another preferred embodiment, the further pharmacologically active ingredient is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in an amount of 5±2.5 mg, 7.5±2.5 mg, 10±2.5 mg, 15±2.5 mg, 20±2.5 mg, 25±2.5 mg, 30±2.5 mg, 35±2.5 mg, 40±2.5 mg, 45±2.5 mg, 50±2.5 mg, 55±2.5 mg, 60±2.5 mg, 65±2.5 mg, 70±2.5 mg, 75±2.5 mg, 80±2.5 mg, 85±2.5 mg, 90±2.5 mg, 95±2.5 mg, 100±2.5 mg, 105±2.5 mg, 110±2.5 mg, 115±2.5 mg, 120±2.5 mg, 125±2.5 mg, 130±2.5 mg, 135±2.5 mg, 140±2.5 mg, 145±2.5 mg, 150±2.5 mg, 155±2.5 mg, 160±2.5 mg, 165±2.5 mg, 170±2.5 mg, 175±2.5 mg, 180±2.5 mg, 185±2.5 mg, 190±2.5 mg, 195±2.5 mg, 200±2.5 mg, 205±2.5 mg, 210±2.5 mg, 215±2.5 mg, 220±2.5 mg, 225±2.5 mg, 230±2.5 mg, 235±2.5 mg, 240±2.5 mg, 245±2.5 mg, or 250±2.5 mg. In still another preferred embodiment, the further pharmacologically active ingredient is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form, respectively, in an amount of 250±10 mg, 275±10 mg, 300±10 mg, 325±10 mg, 350±10 mg, 375±10 mg, 400±10 mg, 425±10 mg, 450±10 mg, 475±10 mg, 500±10 mg, 525±10 mg, 550±10 mg, 575±10 mg or 600±10 mg.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the further pharmacologically active ingredient is paracetamol (acetaminophen). In this embodiment, the paracetamol is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 100 to 600 mg, more preferably 150 to 550 mg, still more preferably 200 to 500 mg, most preferably 250 to 450 mg and in particular 275 to 400 mg.

In another particularly preferred embodiment, the further pharmacologically active ingredient is ibuprophen. In this embodiment, the ibuprofen is preferably contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form in an amount of from 100 to 600 mg, more preferably 150 to 550 mg, still more preferably 200 to 500 mg, most preferably 250 to 450 mg and in particular 275 to 400 mg.

In a preferred embodiment, the relative weight ratio of the total content of the pharmacologically active ingredient to the total content of the further pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of (8±1): 1, more preferably (7±1):1, still more preferably (6±1):1, yet more preferably (5±1):1, even more preferably (4±1):1, most preferably (3±1): 1 and in particular (2±1):1.

In still another preferred embodiment, the relative weight ratio of the total content of the further pharmacologically active ingredient to the total content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is within the range of (8±1): 1, more preferably (7±1):1, still more preferably (6±1):1, yet more preferably (5±1):1, even more preferably (4±1):1, most preferably (3±1): 1 and in particular (2±1):1.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form provides immediate release of the further pharmacologically active ingredient.

Preferably, under physiological conditions the pharmaceutical dosage form has released after 5 minutes at least 10%, after 10 minutes at least 20%, after 15 minutes at least 30%, after 20 minutes at least 40%, after 30 minutes at least 60%, after 40 minutes at least 70%, after 50 minutes at least 80%, after 60 minutes at least 90% or 99% of the further pharmacologically active ingredient.

Suitable in vitro conditions are known to the skilled artisan. In this regard it can be referred to, e.g., the Eur. Ph. Preferably, the release profile is measured under the following conditions: Paddle apparatus equipped without sinker, 50 rpm, 37±5° C., 600 mL simulated intestinal fluid pH 6.8 (phosphate buffer) or pH 4.5. In a preferred embodiment, the rotational speed of the paddle is increased to 75 rpm. In another preferred embodiment, the release profile is determined under the following conditions: basket method, 75 rpm, 37±5° C., 600 mL 0.1 N HCl or 600 mL of SIF sp (pH 6.8) or 600 mL of 0.1 N HCl+40% ethanol.

In a particularly preferred embodiment; under in vitro conditions in 600 mL 0.1 N HCl, using the basket method according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm, after 1 h under physiological conditions the pharmaceutical dosage form has released at least 60% more preferably at least 65%, still more preferably at least 70%, yet more preferably at least 75%, even more preferably at least 80%, most preferably at least 85% and in particular at least 90% or at least 95% or at least 99% of the further pharmacologically active ingredient relative to the total amount of A₂ originally contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Besides the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, the pharmaceutical dosage form typically contains further excipient(s) outside the one or more particles such as capsule material and/or other additives.

Preferably, the content of the further excipient(s) is at least 2.5 wt.-%, at least 5 wt.-%, at least 7.5 wt.-% or at least 10 wt.-%; at least 12.5 wt.-%, at least 15 wt.-%, at least 17.5 wt.-% or at least 20 wt.-%; at least 22.5 wt.-%, at least 25 wt.-%, at least 27.5 wt.-% or at least 30 wt.-%; at least 32.5 wt.-%, at least 35 wt.-%, at least 37.5 wt.-% or at least 40 wt.-%; more preferably at least 42.5 wt.-%, at least 45 wt.-%, at least 47.5 wt.-% or at least 50 wt.-%; still more preferably at least 52.5 wt.-%, at least 55 wt.-%, at least 57.5 wt.-% or at least 60 wt.-%; yet more preferably at least 62.5 wt.-%, at least 65 wt.-%, at least 67.5 wt.-% or at least 60 wt.-%; most preferably at least 72.5 wt.-%, at least 75 wt.-%, at least 77.5 wt.-% or at least 70 wt.-%; and in particular at least 82.5 wt.-%, at least 85 wt.-%, at least 87.5 wt.-% or at least 90 wt.-%; based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the content of the further excipient(s) is at most 90 wt.-%, at most 87.5 wt.-%, at most 85 wt.-%, or at most 82.5 wt.-%; more preferably at most 80 wt.-%, at most 77.5 wt.-%, at most 75 wt.-% or at most 72.5 wt.-%; still more preferably at most 70 wt.-%, at most 67.5 wt.-%, at most 65 wt.-% or at most 62.5 wt.-%; yet more preferably at most 60 wt.-%, at most 57.5 wt.-%, at most 55 wt.-% or at most 52.5 wt.-%; most preferably at most 50 wt.-%, at most 47.5 wt.-%, at most 45 wt.-% or at most 42.5 wt.-%; and in particular at most 40 wt.-%, at most 37.5 wt.-%, or at most 35 wt.-%; based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the relative weight ratio of the one or more particles to the further excipient(s) in the pharmaceutical dosage form is from 1:10 to 10:1, more preferably 1:8 to 8:1, still more preferably 1:7 to 6:1, even more preferably 1:6 to 5:1, yet more preferably 1:5 to 4:1, most preferably 1:4 to 3:1 and in particular 1:3 to 2:1 or 1:2 to 1:1, based on the total weight of the one or more particles and on the total weight of the further excipient(s).

The further excipient(s) may optionally comprise conventional pharmaceutical excipients.

Preferably, the further excipient(s) comprise(s) one or more fillers or binders. As many fillers can be regarded as binders and vice versa, for the purpose of the specification “filler/binder” refers to any excipient that is suitable as filler, binder or both. Thus, the further excipient(s) preferably comprise(s) a filler/binder.

Preferred fillers (=filler/binders) are selected from the group consisting of silicium dioxide (e.g. Aerosil®), microcrystalline cellulose (e.g. Avicel®, Elcema®, Emocel®, ExCel®, Vitacell®); cellulose ether (e.g. Natrosol®, Klucel®, Methocel®, Blanose®, Pharmacoat®, Viscontran®); mannitol; dextrines; dextrose; calciumhydrogen phosphate (e.g. Emcompress®); tricalcium phosphate, maltodextrine (e.g. Emdex®); lactose (e.g. Fast-Flow Lactose®; Ludipress®, Pharmaceutical dosage Formtose®, Zeparox®); polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (e.g. Kollidone®, Polyplasdone®, Polydone®); saccharose (e.g. Nu-Tab®, Sugar Tab®); magnesium salts (e.g. MgCO₃, MgO, MgSiO₃); starches and pretreated starches (e.g. Prejel®, Primotab® ET, Starch® 1500). Preferred binders are selected from the group consisting of alginates; chitosanes; and any of the fillers mentioned above (=fillers/binders).

Some fillers/binders may also serve other purposes. It is known, for example, that silicium dioxide exhibits excellent function as a glidant. Preferably, the further excipient(s) comprise(s) a glidant such as silicium dioxide.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the filler/binder or mixture of fillers/binders in the further excipient(s) is within the range of 50±25 wt.-%, more preferably 50±20 wt.-%, still more preferably 50±15 wt.-%, yet more preferably 50±10 wt.-%, most preferably 50±7.5 wt.-%, and in particular 50±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of further excipient(s). In another preferred embodiment, the content of the filler/binder or mixture of fillers/binders in the further excipient(s) is within the range of 65±25 wt.-%, more preferably 65±20 wt.-%, still more preferably 65±15 wt.-%, yet more preferably 65±10 wt.-%, most preferably 65±7.5 wt.-%, and in particular 65±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of further excipient(s). In still another preferred embodiment, the content of the filler/binder or mixture of fillers/binders in further excipient(s) is within the range of 80±19 wt.-%, more preferably 80±17.5 wt.-%, still more preferably 80±15 wt.-%, yet more preferably 80±10 wt.-%, most preferably 80±7.5 wt.-%, and in particular 80±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of further excipient(s). In another preferred embodiment, the content of the filler/binder or mixture of fillers/binders in the further excipient(s) is within the range of 90±9 wt.-%, more preferably 90±8 wt.-%, still more preferably 90±7 wt.-%, yet more preferably 90±6 wt.-%, most preferably 90±5 wt.-%, and in particular 90±4 wt.-%, based on the total weight of further excipient(s).

In a preferred embodiment, the total content of the filler/binder or mixture of fillers/binders in the pharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 25±24 wt.-%, more preferably 25±20 wt.-%, still more preferably 25±16 wt.-%, yet more preferably 25±12 wt.-%, most preferably 25±8 wt.-%, and in particular 25±4 wt.-%, based on the total weight of pharmaceutical dosage form. In another preferred embodiment, the total content of the filler/binder or mixture of fillers/binders in the pharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 30±29 wt.-%, more preferably 30±25 wt.-%, still more preferably 30±20 wt.-%, yet more preferably 30±15 wt.-%, most preferably 30±10 wt.-%, and in particular 30±5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of pharmaceutical dosage form. In still another preferred embodiment, the total content of the filler/binder or mixture of fillers/binders in the pharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 35±34 wt.-%, more preferably 35±28 wt.-%, still more preferably 35±22 wt.-%, yet more preferably 35±16 wt.-%, most preferably 35±10 wt.-%, and in particular 35±4 wt.-%, based on the total weight of pharmaceutical dosage form. In another preferred embodiment, the total content of the filler/binder or mixture of fillers/binders in the pharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 40±39 wt.-%, more preferably 40±32 wt.-%, still more preferably 40±25 wt.-%, yet more preferably 40±18 wt.-%, most preferably 40±11 wt.-%, and in particular 40±4 wt.-%, based on the total weight of pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the filler/binder is contained in the further excipient(s) but not in the one or more particles of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention.

Preferably, the further excipient(s) comprise(s) one or more diluents or lubricants, preferably selected from the group consisting of calcium stearate; magnesium stearate; glycerol monobehenate (e.g. Compritol®); Myvatex®; Precirol®; Precirol® Ato5; sodium stearylfumarate (e.g. Pruv®); and talcum. Magnesium stearate is particularly preferred. Preferably, the content of the lubricant in the further excipient(s) is at most 10.0 wt.-%, more preferably at most 7.5 wt.-%, still more preferably at most 5.0 wt.-%, yet more preferably at most 2.0 wt.-%, even more preferably at most 1.0 wt.-%, and most preferably at most 0.5 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the further excipient(s) or based on the total weight of pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the further excipient(s) comprise(s) one or more disintegrants, preferably selected from the group consisting of carmellose and salts thereof, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, sodium carboxymethyl starch, sodium starch glycolate, partly pregelatinized starch and low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose. Crosscarmellose is particularly preferred. Preferably, the content of the disintegrant in the further excipient(s) is at most 20.0 wt.-%, more preferably at most 15 wt.-%, still more preferably at most 12.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably at most 10 wt.-%, even more preferably at most 8.0 wt.-%, and most preferably within the range of from 6.0 wt.-% to 8.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the further excipient(s) or based on the total weight of pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the further excipient(s) comprise(s) one or more dispersing agents or a wetting agents, preferably selected from the group consisting of poloxamers such as Lutrol F68. Preferably, the content of the dispersing agent or a wetting agent in the further excipient(s) is at most 50 wt.-%, more preferably at most 45 wt.-%, still more preferably at most 40 wt.-%, yet more preferably at most 35 wt.-%, even more preferably at most 30 wt.-%, and most preferably within at most 30 wt.-%, based on the total weight of the further excipient(s) or based on the total weight of pharmaceutical dosage form.

In particularly preferred embodiment, the further excipient(s) comprise(s) a combination of filler/binder and lubricant and optionally disintegrant and optionally dispersing agent/wetting agent.

The further excipient(s) of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may additionally contain other excipients that are conventional in the art, e.g. diluents, binders, granulating aids, colorants, flavourants, glidants, wet-regulating agents and disintegrants. The skilled person will readily be able to determine appropriate quantities of each of these excipients.

In a preferred embodiment, however, besides the further pharmacologically active ingredient, the further excipient(s) of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention consists of one or more disintegrants, one or more filler/binder's and one or more lubricants, but does not contain any other constituents.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the further excipient(s) of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention do(es) not contain one or more gel-forming agents and/or a silicone.

In a preferred embodiment, the further excipient(s) of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention do(es) not contain polyalkylene oxides, acrylic polymers or waxy materials. If the further excipient(s) contain(s) polyalkylene oxides, acrylic polymers and/or waxy materials, the total content of polyalkylene oxides, acrylic polymers and waxy materials preferably is not more than 30 wt.-%, more preferably not more than 25 wt.-%, still more preferably not more than 20 wt.-%, yet more preferably not more than 15 wt.-%, even more preferably not more than 10 wt.-%, most preferably not more than 5.0 wt.-%, and in particular not more than 1.0 wt.-%, relative to the total weight of the further excipient(s).

As used herein the term “gel-forming agent” is used to refer to a compound that, upon contact with a solvent (e.g. water), absorbs the solvent and swells, thereby forming a viscous or semi-viscous substance. Preferred gel-forming agents are not cross-linked. This substance may moderate pharmacologically active ingredient release from the embedded particulates in both aqueous and aqueous alcoholic media. Upon full hydration, a thick viscous solution or dispersion is typically produced that significantly reduces and/or minimizes the amount of free solvent which can contain an amount of solubilized pharmacologically active ingredient, and which can be drawn into a syringe. The gel that is formed may also reduce the overall amount of pharmacologically active ingredient extractable with the solvent by entrapping the pharmacologically active ingredient within a gel structure. Thus the gel-forming agent may play an important role in conferring tamper-resistance to the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention.

Gel-forming agents that preferably are not contained in the further excipient(s) include pharmaceutically acceptable polymers, typically hydrophilic polymers, such as hydrogels. Representative examples of gel-forming agent include polyalkylene oxide such as polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, carbomers, poly(uronic) acids and mixtures thereof.

The optional excipients preferably do not impart to the further excipient(s) any significant resistance against dose-dumping in aqueous ethanol. According to this embodiment, the further excipient(s) preferably do(es) not contain any compound which would impart to the further excipient(s) any substantial resistance against dose-dumping in aqueous ethanol such as polyalkylene oxides, nonionic acrylic polymers or waxy materials.

The one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer may be incorporated in an outer matrix material formed by the further excipient(s). From a macroscopic perspective, the outer matrix material formed by the further excipient(s) preferably forms a continuous phase in which the one or more particles is/are embedded. Preferably, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer form a discontinuous phase within an outer matrix material that is formed by further excipient(s).

For the purpose of definition, the “outer matrix material” is preferably the further excipient(s) and thus, preferably comprises the optionally present further pharmacologically active ingredient and optionally present conventional pharmaceutical excipients which have already been described above.

In a preferred embodiment, the further excipient(s) essentially consist(s) of the further pharmacologically active ingredient, i.e. the further excipient(s) do(es) not comprise any pharmaceutical excipient. According to this embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form is preferably a capsule that is filled with the one or more particles and the further pharmacologically active ingredient, which may be powdery or agglomerated, e.g. granulated, and which preferably forms a further excipient(s) as an outer matrix material.

Preferably, the outer matrix material is a homogenous powdery or coherent mass, preferably a homogeneous mixture of solid constituents, in which the one or more particles are embedded. According to this embodiment, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are preferably spatially separated from one another. While it is possible that the surfaces of particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are in contact or at least in very close proximity with one another, the plurality of particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer preferably cannot be regarded as a single continuous coherent mass within the pharmaceutical dosage form.

In other words, when the particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are contained in an outer matrix material formed by the further excipient(s), the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably comprises the one or more particles as volume elements of a first type and the outer matrix material formed by the further excipient(s) as volume element of a second type differing from the material that forms the particles of the one or more particles, and preferably containing no prolonged release matrix.

When the one or more particles are contained in an outer matrix material formed by the further excipient(s), the relative weight ratio of the one or more particles to the outer matrix material is not particularly limited. Preferably, said relative weight ratio is within the range of 1:2.00±1.75, more preferably 1:2.00±1.50, still more preferably 1:1.00±1.00, most preferably 1:1.00±0.75, and in particular 1:1.00±0.50.

The further excipient(s) in turn may also be in particulate form. When the further excipient(s) is particulate form, however, the particles are preferably not thermoformed and preferably do not contain physiologically acceptable polymer. When the further excipient(s) is in particulate form, the particles are preferably obtained by conventional methods for the preparation of aggregates and agglomerates from powder mixtures such as granulating and compacting.

Preferably, the breaking strength of the pharmaceutical dosage form is below the breaking strength of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer.

When the further excipients are not present as free-flowing powder but as constituents of a compacted, granulated, congealed or otherwise agglomerated material, the breaking strength of such material containing the further excipient(s) can be determined. Preferably, the further excipient(s) exhibit(s) a breaking strength that is lower than that of one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer. Typically, the breaking strength of further excipient(s) is not increased compared to the breaking strength of conventional dosage forms, i.e. well below 200 N. When the further excipient(s) are powdery, the “breaking strength” of the powder is so low that it cannot be measured by conventional means. Thus, for the purpose of specification, the breaking strength of the powder should be regarded as “0 Newton”. When quantifying the breaking strength of the further excipient(s) by “0 Newton”, the further excipient(s) is/are typically present in form of a (free-flowing) powder, and when quantifying the breaking strength of the further excipient(s) by values above “0 Newton”, this implies that according to these embodiments the further excipient(s) is/are at least to some minimal degree present in form of granulated, compacted, congealed or otherwise agglomerated matter, but not as a (free-flowing) powder.

When the further excipient(s) are contained in the material of a capsule that is filled with the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, the breaking strength of the excipient(s) is to be regarded as the breaking strength of the capsule, regardless of whether the filling of the capsule comprises additional excipients or not.

In a preferred embodiment, the further excipient(s) exhibit(s) a breaking strength within the range of from 0 N to at most 500 N. Preferably, the further excipient(s) exhibit(s) a breaking strength within the range of from 0 N to 450 N, more preferably 0 N to 400 N, still more preferably 0 N to 350 N, yet more preferably 0 N to 300 N, most preferably 0 N to 250 N and in particular 0 N to 200 N.

Preferably, the at least one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer exhibit a higher breaking strength than the further excipient(s) of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferably, the breaking strength of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer is relatively at least 50 N higher, more preferably at least 100 N higher, still more preferably at least 150 N higher, yet more preferably at least 200 N higher, even more preferably at least 250 N higher, most preferably at least 300 N higher, and in particular at least 350 N higher than the breaking strength of the further excipient(s).

In a preferred embodiment,

-   (i) the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active     ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer exhibits a     breaking strength of at least 300 N, more preferably at least 400 N,     still more preferably more than 500 N, yet more preferably at least     750 N, even more preferably at least 1000 N, most preferably at     least 1250 N, and in particular at least 1500 N; and/or -   (ii) the further excipient(s) exhibit(s) a breaking strength of at     most 500 N, more preferably at most 300 N, still more preferably at     most 250 N, yet more preferably at most 200 N, even more preferably     at most 150 N, most preferably at most 100 N, and in particular at     most 50 N.

Because of the different breaking strength of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and the further excipient(s), when measuring the breaking strength of the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention, a distance-to-force diagram can be obtained that contains at least two steps; the first platform in the distance-to-force diagram is reached once the further excipient(s) fracture and the second platform in the distance-to-force diagram is reached once the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer fracture. When the further excipient(s) is present in powdery form, however, the “first platform” corresponds to the baseline, i.e. is not visible. Furthermore, depending upon the upper measuring limit of the breaking strength tester, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer might not have fractured once said upper limit is reached.

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer exhibit a higher breaking strength than the overall pharmaceutical dosage form comprising the one or more particles and optionally, further excipient(s). According to this embodiment, the breaking strength of the pharmaceutical dosage form is preferably defined as the amount of force that is necessary in order to fracture a pharmaceutical dosage form into two or more fragments, wherein said fragments preferably contain the still intact one or more particles.

Preferably, the breaking strength of the one or more particles is relatively at least 50 N higher, more preferably at least 100 N higher, still more preferably at least 150 N higher, yet more preferably at least 200 N higher, even more preferably at least 250 N higher, most preferably at least 300 N higher, and in particular at least 350 N higher than the breaking strength of the pharmaceutical dosage form comprising the one or more particles and optionally, further excipient(s).

Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for the production of a pharmaceutical dosage form comprising the steps of

-   (i) thermoforming one or more particles comprising a     pharmacologically active ingredient and a natural or synthetic     physiologically acceptable polymer; -   (ii) providing at least one further excipient(s) comprising a     further pharmacologically active ingredient; and -   (iii) combining the at least one or more particles, the at least one     further excipient(s).

In a preferred embodiment, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer are thermoformed. According to this embodiment, the one or more particles are preferably melt-extruded.

Thermoforming preferably means that in the course of the manufacture of the one or more particles the mass is heated to a temperature above ambient temperature, preferably to at least 30° C., at least 40° C., at least 50° C., at least 60° C., at least 70° C., or at least 80° C., and compressed, preferably at pressures that are sufficient to yield a coherent, not dripping form, preferably at pressures of at least 10 bar or at least 30 bar. The compression force may be exerted prior to, during or subsequent to application of heat.

The one or more particles are preferably thermoformed, preferably by melt-extrusion, although also other methods of thermoforming may be useful, such as press-molding at elevated temperature or heating of compacts that were manufactured by conventional compression in a first step and then heated above the softening temperature of the prolonged release matrix material in a second step to form break resistant, hardened compacts, i.e. particles. In this regard, thermoforming preferably means the forming, or molding of a mass after, before or during the application of heat. In a preferred embodiment, thermoforming is performed by hot-melt extrusion.

In a preferred embodiment, hot melt-extrusion is performed by means of a twin-screw-extruder. Melt extrusion preferably provides a melt-extruded strand that is preferably cut into monoliths, which are then optionally compressed and formed. Preferably, compression is achieved by means of a die and a punch, preferably from a monolithic mass obtained by melt extrusion. If obtained via melt extrusion, the compressing step is preferably carried out with a monolithic mass exhibiting ambient temperature, that is, a temperature in the range from 20 to 25° C.

The strands obtained by way of extrusion can either be subjected to the compression step as such or can be cut prior to the compression step. This cutting can be performed by usual techniques, for example using rotating knives or compressed air, at elevated temperature, e.g. when the extruded stand is still warm due to hot-melt extrusion, or at ambient temperature, i.e. after the extruded strand has been allowed to cool down. When the extruded strand is still warm, singulation of the extruded strand into extruded monoliths and particles, respectively, is preferably performed by cutting the extruded strand immediately after it has exited the extrusion die.

However, when the extruded strand is cut in the cooled state, subsequent singulation of the extruded strand is preferably performed by optionally transporting the still hot extruded strand by means of conveyor belts, allowing it to cool down and to congeal, and subsequently cutting it. Alternatively, the shaping can take place as described in EP-A 240 906 by the extrudate being passed between two counter-rotating calender rolls and being shaped directly to the one or more particles. It is of course also possible to subject the extruded strands to the compression step or to the cutting step when still warm, that is more or less immediately after the extrusion step. The extrusion is preferably carried out by means of a twin-screw extruder.

The preferably monolithic or particulate one or more particles according to the invention may be produced by different processes, the particularly preferred of which are explained in greater detail below. Several suitable processes have already been described in the prior art. In this regard it can be referred to, e.g., WO 2005/016313, WO 2005/016314, WO 2005/063214, WO 2005/102286, WO 2006/002883, WO 2006/002884, WO 2006/002886, WO 2006/082097, and WO 2006/082099.

In general, the process for the production of one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer according to the invention preferably comprises the following steps:

-   (a) mixing all ingredients; -   (b) optionally pre-forming the mixture obtained from step (a),     preferably by applying heat and/or force to the mixture obtained     from step (a), the quantity of heat supplied preferably not being     sufficient to heat the preferably prolonged release matrix material,     preferably the physiologically acceptable polymer, up to its     softening point; -   (c) hardening the mixture by applying heat and force, it being     possible to supply the heat during and/or before and/or after the     application of force and the quantity of heat supplied being     sufficient to heat the preferably prolonged release matrix material,     preferably the physiologically acceptable polymer, at least up to     its softening point; and thereafter allowing the material to cool     and removing the force; and -   (d) optionally singulating the hardened mixture.

Heat may be supplied directly, e.g. by contact or by means of hot gas such as hot air, or with the assistance of ultrasound; or is indirectly supplied by friction and/or shear. Force may be applied and/or the monoliths or particles may be shaped for example by direct forming or with the assistance of a suitable extruder, particularly by means of a screw extruder equipped with one or two screws (single-screw-extruder and twin-screw-extruder, respectively) or by means of a planetary gear extruder.

The final shape of the particles may either be provided during the hardening of the mixture by applying heat and force (step (c)) or in a subsequent step (step (e)). In both cases, the mixture of all components is preferably in the plastified state, i.e. preferably, shaping is performed at a temperature at least above the softening point of the prolonged release matrix material. However, extrusion at lower temperatures, e.g. ambient temperature, is also possible and may be preferred.

A particularly preferred process for the manufacture of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer according to the invention involves hot-melt extrusion. In this process, the one or more particles are produced by thermoforming with the assistance of an extruder, preferably without there being any observable consequent discoloration of the extrudate.

This process is preferably characterized in that

-   a) all components are mixed, -   b) the resultant mixture is heated in the extruder at least up to     the softening point of the prolonged release matrix material,     preferably the physiologically acceptable polymer, and extruded     through the outlet orifice of the extruder by application of force,     and -   c) the still plastic extrudate is singulated and formed into the     monoliths or particles of the one or more particles.

Mixing of the components according to process step a) may also proceed in the extruder.

The components may also be mixed in a mixer known to the person skilled in the art. The mixer may, for example, be a roll mixer, shaking mixer, shear mixer or compulsory mixer.

The, preferably molten, mixture which has been heated in the extruder at least up to the softening point of prolonged release matrix material is extruded from the extruder through a die with at least one bore.

The hot-melt extrusion process according to the invention requires the use of suitable extruders, preferably screw extruders. Screw extruders which are equipped with two screws (twin-screw-extruders) are particularly preferred.

In a preferred embodiment, extrusion is performed in the absence of water, i.e., no water is added. However, traces of water (e.g., caused by atmospheric humidity) may be present.

In another preferred embodiment, particularly when the prolonged release matrix material is employed in the form of an aqueous dispersion, extrusion is performed in the presence of water and the water is evaporated from the extruded material in the course of the extrusion process, i.e. preferably before the extruded material exits the outlet orifice of the extruder.

Therefore a vacuum pump mechanism is used to extract the (evaporated) water from the extruded material. Thus, the extruded strand is preferably water-free, which preferably means that the water content of the extruded strand is preferably at most 10 wt.-%, or at most 7.5 wt.-%, or at most 5.0 wt.-%, or at most 4.0 wt.-%, or at most 3.0 wt.-%, or at most 2.0 wt.-%, more preferably at most 1.7 wt.-%, still more preferably at most 1.5 wt.-%, yet more preferably at most 1.3 wt.-%, even more preferably at most 1.0 wt.-%, most preferably at most 0.7 wt.-%, and in particular at most 0.5 wt.-%. For that purpose, extrusion is preferably performed at a temperature above the boiling point of water under the given conditions; when extrusion is performed under vacuum, the boiling point of water may be substantially below 100° C. However, even if extrusion is performed under vacuum the preferred extrusion temperature is above 100° C.

The extruder preferably comprises at least two temperature zones, with heating of the mixture at least up to the softening point of the prolonged release matrix material proceeding in the first zone, which is downstream from a feed zone and optionally mixing zone. The throughput of the mixture is preferably from 1.0 kg to 15 kg/hour. In a preferred embodiment, the throughput is from 0.2 kg/hour to 3.5 kg/hour. In another preferred embodiment, the throughput is from 4 to 15 kg/hour.

In a preferred embodiment, the die head pressure is within the range of from 0.5 to 200 bar. The die head pressure can be adjusted inter alia by die geometry, temperature profile, extrusion speed, number of bores in the dies, screw configuration, first feeding steps in the extruder, and the like.

In a preferred embodiment, the die head pressure is within the range of from 20±19 bar, more preferably 20±15 bar, and in particular 20±10 bar; or the die head pressure is within the range of from 30±20 bar, more preferably 30±15 bar, and in particular 30±10 bar; or the die head pressure is within the range of from 40±20 bar, more preferably 40±15 bar, and in particular 40±10 bar; or the die head pressure is within the range of from 50±20 bar, more preferably 50±15 bar, and in particular 50±10 bar; or the die head pressure is within the range of from 60±20 bar, more preferably 60±15 bar, and in particular 60±10 bar; or the die head pressure is within the range of from 70±20 bar, more preferably 70±15 bar, and in particular 70±10 bar; or the die head pressure is within the range of from 80±20 bar, more preferably 80±15 bar, and in particular 80±10 bar; or the die head pressure is within the range of from 90±20 bar, more preferably 90±15 bar, and in particular 90±10 bar; or the die head pressure is within the range of from 100±20 bar, more preferably 100±15 bar, and in particular 100±10 bar.

The die geometry or the geometry of the bores is freely selectable. The die or the bores may accordingly exhibit a flat (film), round, oblong or oval cross-section, wherein the round cross-section preferably has a diameter of 0.1 mm to 2 mm for extruded particles and a larger diameter for extruded monolithic pharmaceutical dosage forms. Preferably, the die or the bores have a round cross-section. The casing of the extruder used according to the invention may be heated or cooled. The corresponding temperature control, i.e. heating or cooling, is so arranged that the mixture to be extruded exhibits at least an average temperature (product temperature) corresponding to the softening temperature of the prolonged release matrix material and does not rise above a temperature at which the pharmacologically active ingredient to be processed may be damaged. Preferably, the temperature of the mixture to be extruded is adjusted to below 180° C., preferably below 150° C., but at least to the softening temperature of prolonged release matrix material. Typical extrusion temperatures are 120° C. and 150° C.

In a preferred embodiment, the extruder torque is within the range of from 30 to 95%. Extruder torque can be adjusted inter alia by die geometry, temperature profile, extrusion speed, number of bores in the dies, screw configuration, first feeding steps in the extruder, and the like.

After extrusion of the molten mixture and optional cooling of the extruded strand or extruded strands, the extrudates are preferably singulated. This singulation may preferably be performed by cutting up the extrudates by means of revolving or rotating knives, wires, blades or with the assistance of laser cutters.

The application of force in the extruder onto the at least plasticized mixture is adjusted by controlling the rotational speed of the conveying device in the extruder and the geometry thereof and by dimensioning the outlet orifice in such a manner that the pressure necessary for extruding the plasticized mixture is built up in the extruder, preferably immediately prior to extrusion. The extrusion parameters which, for each particular composition, are necessary to give rise to a pharmaceutical dosage form with desired mechanical properties, may be established by simple preliminary testing.

For example but not limiting, extrusion may be performed by means of a twin-screw-extruder type ZSE 18 or ZSE27 (Leistritz, Nürnberg, Germany), screw diameters of 18 or 27 mm.

Screws having eccentric or blunt ends may be used. A heatable die with a round bore or with a multitude of bores each having a diameter of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 or 0.6 mm may be used. The extrusion parameters may be adjusted e.g. to the following values: rotational speed of the screws: 120 Upm; delivery rate 2 kg/h for a ZSE 18 or 8 kg/h for a ZSE27; product temperature: in front of die 125° C. and behind die 135° C.; and jacket temperature: 110° C. Another suitable extruder that is equipped with a vacuum pump is a Thermo Scientific* Pharma 16 HME hot melt twin-screw extruder.

Preferably, extrusion is performed by means of twin-screw-extruders or planetary-gear-extruders, twin-screw extruders (co-rotating or contra-rotating) being particularly preferred.

The preferably monolithic or particulate one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer according to the invention is preferably produced by thermoforming with the assistance of an extruder without any observable consequent discoloration of the extrudates.

The process for the preparation of the preferably monolithic or particulate one or more particles according to the invention is preferably performed continuously. Preferably, the process involves the extrusion of a homogeneous mixture of all components. It is particularly advantageous if the thus obtained intermediate, e.g. the strand obtained by extrusion, exhibits uniform properties. Particularly desirable are uniform density, uniform distribution of the active compound, uniform mechanical properties, uniform porosity, uniform appearance of the surface, etc. Only under these circumstances the uniformity of the pharmacological properties, such as the stability of the release profile, may be ensured and the amount of rejects can be kept low.

Preferably, the one or more particles according to the invention can be regarded as “extruded pellet(s)”. The term “extruded pellets” has structural implications which are understood by persons skilled in the art. A person skilled in the art knows that pelletized particles or pharmaceutical dosage forms can be prepared by a number of techniques, including:

-   -   drug layering on nonpareil sugar or microcrystalline cellulose         beads,     -   spray drying,     -   spray congealing,     -   rotogranulation,     -   hot-melt extrusion,     -   spheronization of low melting materials, or     -   extrusion-spheronization of a wet mass.

Accordingly, “extruded pellets” can be obtained either by hot-melt extrusion or by extrusion-spheronization.

“Extruded pellets” can be distinguished from other types of pellets because they are structurally different. For example, drug layering on nonpareils yields multilayered pellets having a core, whereas extrusion typically yields a monolithic mass comprising a homogeneous mixture of all ingredients. Similarly, spray drying and spray congealing typically yield spheres, whereas extrusion typically yields cylindrical extrudates which can be subsequently spheronized.

The structural differences between “extruded pellets” and “agglomerated pellets” are significant because they may affect the release of active substances from the pellets and consequently result in different pharmacological profiles. Therefore, a person skilled in the pharmaceutical formulation art would not consider “extruded pellets” to be equivalent to “agglomerated pellets”.

The pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention may be prepared from the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer and the further excipient(s) by any conventional method.

When the pharmaceutical dosage forms are prepared by compression, the one or more particles are preferably mixed, e.g. blended and/or granulated (e.g. wet granulated), with the material of the further excipient(s) as outer matrix material and the resulting mix (e.g. blend or granulate) is then either filled in capsules or compressed, preferably in molds, to form pharmaceutical dosage forms. It is also envisaged that the monoliths or particles herein described may be incorporated into a matrix using other processes, such as by melt granulation (e.g. using fatty alcohols and/or water-soluble waxes and/or water-insoluble waxes) or high shear granulation, followed by compression.

When the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention are manufactured by means of an eccentric press, the compression force is preferably within the range of from 5 to 15 kN. When the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention are manufactured by means of a rotating press, the compression force is preferably within the range of from 5 to 40 kN, in certain embodiments >25 kN, in other embodiments about 13 kN.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical dosage for that is obtainable by any of the methods described above.

Examples of pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention include, but are not limited to, capsules, tablets, pills, granules, pellets, films, sachets, effervescent, powders, and the like.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form is selected from the group consisting of capsules, sugar-coated tablets, dry-coated tablets, mantle tablets, and layered tablets.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the composition is formulated in a capsule. In accordance with this embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form comprises a hard or soft gelatin capsule.

Most pharmaceutical dosage forms are intended to be swallowed whole and accordingly, preferred pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention are designed for oral administration. However, alternatively pharmaceutical dosage forms may be dissolved in the mouth, chewed, and some may be placed in a body cavity. Thus, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may alternatively be adapted for buccal, lingual, rectal or vaginal administration. Implants are also possible.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention has preferably a total weight in the range of 0.01 to 1.5 g, more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 1.2 g, still more preferably in the range of 0.1 g to 1.0 g, yet more preferably in the range of 0.2 g to 0.9 g, and most preferably in the range of 0.3 g to 0.8 g. In a preferred embodiment, the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form is within the range of 600±450 mg, more preferably 600±300 mg, still more preferably 600±200 mg, yet more preferably 600±150 mg, most preferably 600±100 mg, and in particular 600±50 mg.

The total weight of the tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form is greater than the total weight of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer.

Preferably, the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form is at least 2 mg, or at least 5 mg, or at least 10 mg, or at least 15 mg, or at least 20 mg, or at least 25 mg; more preferably at least 30 mg, or at least 35 mg, or at least 40 mg, or at least 45 mg, or at least 50 mg; still more preferably at least 55 mg, or at least 60 mg, or at least 65 mg, or at least 70 mg, or at least 75 mg; yet more preferably at least 80 mg, or at least 85 mg, or at least 90 mg, or at least 95 mg, or at least 100 mg; even more preferably at least 105 mg, or at least 110 mg, or at least 115 mg, or at least 120 mg, or at least 125 mg; most preferably at least 130 mg, or at least 135 mg, or at least 140 mg, or at least 145 mg, or at least 150 mg, and in particular at least 155 mg, or at least 160 mg, or at least 165 mg, or at least 170 mg, or at least 175 mg greater than the total weight of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer.

Preferably, the total volume of the pharmaceutical dosage form is greater than the total volume of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer.

Preferably, the total volume of the pharmaceutical dosage form is greater by at least 1 vol.-% or at least 2 vol.-%, more preferably at least 3 vol.-% or at least 4 vol.-%, still more preferably at least 5 vol.-% or at least 6 vol.-%, yet more preferably at least 7 vol.-% or at least 8 vol.-%, even more preferably at least 9 vol.-% or at least 10 vol.-%, most preferably at least 11 vol.-% or at least 12 vol.-%, and in particular at least 13 vol.-% or at least 14 vol.-% than the total volume of the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is a capsule, more preferably a hard capsule and most preferably a hard gelatin capsule. Pharmaceutical dosage forms of this embodiment preferably have a lengthwise extension (longitudinal extension) of about 1 mm to about 30 mm, in particular in the range of about 2 mm to about 25 mm, more in particular about 5 mm to about 23 mm, even more in particular about 7 mm to about 20 mm; a width in the range of about 1 mm to about 30 mm, in particular in the range of about 2 mm to about 25 mm, more in particular about 5 mm to about 23 mm, even more in particular about 7 mm to about 13 mm; and a thickness in the range of about 1.0 mm to about 12 mm, in particular in the range of about 2.0 mm to about 10 mm, even more in particular from 3.0 mm to about 9.0 mm, even further in particular from about 4.0 mm to about 8.0 mm.

In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is a round pharmaceutical dosage form. Pharmaceutical dosage forms of this embodiment preferably have a diameter in the range of about 1 mm to about 30 mm, in particular in the range of about 2 mm to about 25 mm, more in particular about 5 mm to about 23 mm, even more in particular about 7 mm to about 13 mm; and a thickness in the range of about 1.0 mm to about 12 mm, in particular in the range of about 2.0 mm to about 10 mm, even more in particular from 3.0 mm to about 9.0 mm, even further in particular from about 4.0 mm to about 8.0 mm.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention comprises n particles each containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, wherein each of said n particles has a length within the range of (10±7)/n, more preferably (10±6)/n mg, still more preferably (10±5)/n mm yet more preferably (10±4)/n/mm even more preferably (10±3)/n mm most preferably (10±2)/n mm, and in particular (10±1)/n mm; wherein n is preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is an oblong pharmaceutical dosage form. Pharmaceutical dosage forms of this embodiment preferably have a lengthwise extension (longitudinal extension) of about 1 mm to about 30 mm, in particular in the range of about 2 mm to about 25 mm, more in particular about 5 mm to about 23 mm, even more in particular about 7 mm to about 20 mm; a width in the range of about 1 mm to about 30 mm, in particular in the range of about 2 mm to about 25 mm, more in particular about 5 mm to about 23 mm, even more in particular about 7 mm to about 13 mm; and a thickness in the range of about 1.0 mm to about 12 mm, in particular in the range of about 2.0 mm to about 10 mm, even more in particular from 3.0 mm to about 9.0 mm, even further in particular from about 4.0 mm to about 8.0 mm.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is not in form of a film.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention may optionally comprise a coating, e.g. a cosmetic coating. In a preferred embodiment, the coated pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is monolithic. The coating is preferably applied after formation of the pharmaceutical dosage form. The coating may be applied prior to or after the curing process. The pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention are preferably film coated with conventional film coating compositions. Suitable coating materials are commercially available, e.g. under the trademarks Opadry® and Eudragit®.

Examples of suitable materials include cellulose esters and cellulose ethers, such as methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC), poly(meth)-acrylates, such as aminoalkylmethacrylate copolymers, methacrylic acid methylmethacrylate copolymers, methacrylic acid methylmethacrylate copolymers; vinyl polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylacetate; and natural film formers.

The coating can be resistant to gastric juices and dissolve as a function of the pH value of the release environment. By means of this coating, it is possible to ensure that the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention passes through the stomach undissolved and the active compound is only released in the intestines. The coating which is resistant to gastric juices preferably dissolves at a pH value of between 5 and 7.5.

The coating can also be applied e.g. to improve the aesthetic impression and/or the taste of the pharmaceutical dosage forms and the ease with which they can be swallowed. Coating the pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention can also serve other purposes, e.g. improving stability and shelf-life. Suitable coating formulations comprise a film forming polymer such as, for example, polyvinyl alcohol or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, e.g. hypromellose, a plasticizer such as, for example, a glycol, e.g. propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, an opacifier, such as, for example, titanium dioxide, and a film smoothener, such as, for example, talc. Suitable coating solvents are water as well as organic solvents. Examples of organic solvents are alcohols, e.g. ethanol or isopropanol, ketones, e.g. acetone, or halogenated hydrocarbons, e.g. methylene chloride. Coated pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention are preferably prepared by first making the cores and subsequently coating said cores using conventional techniques, such as coating in a coating pan.

Preferably, the coating does not contain the further pharmacologically active ingredient, more preferably the coating does not contain any pharmacologically active ingredient.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains no substances which irritate the nasal passages and/or pharynx, i.e. substances which, when administered via the nasal passages and/or pharynx, bring about a physical reaction which is either so unpleasant for the patient that he/she does not wish to or cannot continue administration, for example burning, or physiologically counteracts taking of the corresponding active compound, for example due to increased nasal secretion or sneezing. Further examples of substances which irritate the nasal passages and/or pharynx are those which cause burning, itching, urge to sneeze, increased formation of secretions or a combination of at least two of these stimuli. Corresponding substances and the quantities thereof which are conventionally to be used are known to the person skilled in the art. Some of the substances which irritate the nasal passages and/or pharynx are accordingly based on one or more constituents or one or more plant parts of a hot substance drug. Corresponding hot substance drugs are known per se to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in “Pharmazeutische Biologie—Drogen und ihre Inhaltsstoffe” by Prof Dr. Hildebert Wagner, 2nd., revised edition, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart-New York, 1982, pages 82 et seq. The corresponding description is hereby introduced as a reference and is deemed to be part of the disclosure.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention furthermore preferably contains no antagonists for the pharmacologically active ingredients, preferably no antagonists against psychotropic substances, in particular no antagonists against opioids. Antagonists suitable for a given pharmacologically active ingredient are known to the person skilled in the art and may be present as such or in the form of corresponding derivatives, in particular esters or ethers, or in each case in the form of corresponding physiologically acceptable compounds, in particular in the form of the salts or solvates thereof. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably contains no antagonists selected from among the group comprising naloxone, naltrexone, nalmefene, nalide, nalmexone, nalorphine or naluphine, in each case optionally in the form of a corresponding physiologically acceptable compound, in particular in the form of a base, a salt or solvate; and no neuroleptics, for example a compound selected from among the group comprising haloperidol, promethacine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, levomepromazine, thioridazine, perazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixine, zuclopenthixol, flupentixol, prothipendyl, zotepine, benperidol, pipamperone, melperone and bromperidol.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention furthermore preferably contains no emetic. Emetics are known to the person skilled in the art and may be present as such or in the form of corresponding derivatives, in particular esters or ethers, or in each case in the form of corresponding physiologically acceptable compounds, in particular in the form of the salts or solvates thereof. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably contains no emetic based on one or more constituents of ipecacuanha (ipecac) root, for example based on the constituent emetine, as are, for example, described in “Pharmazeutische Biologie—Drogen und ihre Inhaltsstoffe” by Prof Dr. Hildebert Wagner, 2nd, revised edition, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, N.Y., 1982. The corresponding literature description is hereby introduced as a reference and is deemed to be part of the disclosure. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably also contains no apomorphine as an emetic.

Finally, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably also contains no bitter substance. Bitter substances and the quantities effective for use may be found in US-2003/0064099 A1, the corresponding disclosure of which should be deemed to be the disclosure of the present application and is hereby introduced as a reference. Examples of bitter substances are aromatic oils, such as peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, bitter almond oil, menthol, fruit aroma substances, aroma substances from lemons, oranges, limes, grapefruit or mixtures thereof, and/or denatonium benzoate.

The pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention accordingly preferably contains neither substances which irritate the nasal passages and/or pharynx, nor antagonists for the pharmacologically active ingredients, nor emetics, nor bitter substances.

Preferably, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, more preferably the entire pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains more than 20 wt.-%, more preferably more than 30 wt.-%, still more preferably more than 40 wt.-%, yet more preferably more than 50 wt.-%, most preferably more than 60 wt.-%, and in particular more than 70 wt.-% of compounds which are not or hardly soluble in ethanol with respect to the total weight of the pharmaceutical dosage form.

For the purpose of specification, compounds which are not or hardly soluble in ethanol have a maximum solubility in aqueous ethanol (96%) at room temperature of preferably less than 1000 mg/L, more preferably less than 800 mg/L, even more preferably less than 500 mg/L, most preferably less than 100 mg/L and in particular less than 10 mg/L or less than 1 mg/L.

Preferably, the one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, more preferably the entire pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains more than 50 wt.-%, more preferably more than 60 wt.-%, still more preferably more than 70 wt.-%, yet more preferably more than 80 wt.-%, most preferably more than 90 wt.-%, and in particular more than 95 wt.-% of polymers which are not or hardly soluble in ethanol with respect to the overall amount of polymers contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Preferred polymers which are not or hardly soluble in ethanol according to the invention are xanthan, guar gum and some types of HPMC. The skilled person knows what types of HPMC are not or hardly soluble in ethanol within the sense of the invention.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, one or more particles containing pharmacologically active ingredient and physiologically acceptable polymer, more preferably the entire pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention contains polymers which are not or hardly soluble in ethanol and polymers which are soluble in ethanol, wherein the amount of polymers which are not or hardly soluble in ethanol relative to the total amount of polymers contained in the dosage form is 30 to 100 wt.-%, more preferably 50 to 100 wt.-%, still more preferably 60 to 95 wt.-% or 100 wt.-%, yet more preferably 70 to 90 wt.-% or 100 wt.-%, most preferably 80 to 90 wt.-% or 90 to 100 wt.-%, and in particular more than 95 wt.-% or more than 99 wt.-%.

In a preferred embodiment, the tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is a capsule and comprises a single particle comprising a pharmacologically active ingredient and a physiologically acceptable polymer; having a breaking strength of at least 300 N; having a weight of at least 2 mg; and optionally, comprising a film-coating; wherein

-   -   a) said single particle has a weight within the range of 250±210         mg, more preferably 250±180 mg, still more preferably 250±150         mg, yet more preferably 250±120 mg, even more preferably 250±90         mg, most preferably 250±60 mg, and in particular 250±30 mg; or         said single particle has a weight within the range of 215±210         mg, more preferably 215±180 mg, still more preferably 215±150         mg, yet more preferably 215±120 mg, even more preferably 215±90         mg, most preferably 215±60 mg, and in particular 215±30 mg;         and/or     -   b) under in vitro conditions in 600 mL 0.1 N HCl, using the         basket method according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm, after 1 h under         physiological conditions, said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical         dosage form has released at most 60%, more preferably at most         55%, still more preferably at most 50%, yet more preferably at         most 45%, even more preferably at most 40%, most preferably at         most 35% and in particular at most 30% of the pharmacologically         active ingredient relative to the total amount of the         pharmacologically active ingredient originally contained in the         tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form; and/or     -   c) said physiologically acceptable polymer is preferably         selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxides,         nonionic acrylates, anionic acrylates or cationic acrylates;         and/or     -   d) physiologically acceptable polymer is preferably selected         from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxides, nonionic         acrylates, anionic acrylates or cationic acrylates; and/or     -   e) said pharmacologically active ingredient is an opioid, more         preferably selected from the group consisting of oxycodone,         oxymorphone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, morphine, tapentadol,         tramadol, buprenorphine, and the physiologically acceptable         salts thereof; and/or     -   f) said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprises in         addition to the capsule one or more further excipient(s).

In another preferred embodiment, the tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is a capsule and comprises n particles with n>1, preferably n particles with n=2, 3 or 4, each comprising a pharmacologically active ingredient and a physiologically acceptable polymer; having a breaking strength of at least 300 N; having a weight of at least 2 mg; and optionally, comprising a film-coating; wherein

-   -   a) each of said n particles has a weight within the range of         (250±210)/n mg, more preferably (250±180)/n mg, still more         preferably (250±150)/n mg, yet more preferably (250±120)/n mg,         even more preferably (250±90)/n mg, most preferably (250±60)/n         mg, and in particular (250±35)/n mg or (250±30)/n mg; wherein n         is preferably 2, 3, 4; and/or     -   b) under in vitro conditions in 600 mL 0.1 N HCl, using the         basket method according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm, after 1 h under         physiological conditions, said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical         dosage form has released at most 60%, more preferably at most         55%, still more preferably at most 50%, yet more preferably at         most 45%, even more preferably at most 40%, most preferably at         most 35% and in particular at most 30% of the pharmacologically         active ingredient relative to the total amount of the         pharmacologically active ingredient originally contained in the         tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form; and/or     -   c) physiologically acceptable polymer is preferably selected         from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxides, nonionic         acrylates, anionic acrylates or cationic acrylates; and/or     -   d) said pharmacologically active ingredient is an opioid, more         preferably selected from the group consisting of oxycodone,         oxymorphone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, morphine, tapentadol,         tramadol, buprenorphine, and the physiologically acceptable         salts thereof; and/or     -   e) said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprises         one or more further pharmacologically active ingredients,         preferably an analgesic, more preferably selected from the group         consisting of paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen; and/or     -   f) said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprises in         addition to the capsule one or more further excipient(s).

In a preferred embodiment, the tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is a tablet and comprises a single particle comprising a pharmacologically active ingredient and a physiologically acceptable polymer; having a breaking strength of at least 300 N; having a weight of at least 2 mg; and optionally, comprising a film-coating; wherein

-   -   a) said single particle has a weight within the range of 250±210         mg, more preferably 250±180 mg, still more preferably 250±150         mg, yet more preferably 250±120 mg, even more preferably 250±90         mg, most preferably 250±60 mg, and in particular 250±30 mg; or         said single particle has a weight within the range of 215±210         mg, more preferably 215±180 mg, still more preferably 215±150         mg, yet more preferably 215±120 mg, even more preferably 215±90         mg, most preferably 215±60 mg, and in particular 215±30 mg;         and/or     -   b) under in vitro conditions in 600 mL 0.1 N HCl, using the         basket method according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm, after 1 h under         physiological conditions, said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical         dosage form has released at most 60%, more preferably at most         55%, still more preferably at most 50%, yet more preferably at         most 45%, even more preferably at most 40%, most preferably at         most 35% and in particular at most 30% of the pharmacologically         active ingredient relative to the total amount of the         pharmacologically active ingredient originally contained in the         tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form; and/or     -   c) physiologically acceptable polymer is preferably selected         from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxides, nonionic         acrylates, anionic acrylates or cationic acrylates; and/or     -   d) said pharmacologically active ingredient is an opioid, more         preferably selected from the group consisting of oxycodone,         oxymorphone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, morphine, tapentadol,         tramadol, buprenorphine, and the physiologically acceptable         salts thereof; and/or     -   e) said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprises         one or more further pharmacologically active ingredients,         preferably an analgesic, more preferably selected from the group         consisting of paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen; and/or     -   f) said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprises         one or more excipient(s).

In another preferred embodiment, the tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is a tablet and comprises n particles with n>1, preferably n particles with n=2, 3 or 4, each comprising a pharmacologically active ingredient and a physiologically acceptable polymer; having a breaking strength of at least 300 N; having a weight of at least 2 mg; and optionally, comprising a film-coating; wherein

-   -   a) each of said n particles has a weight within the range of         (250±210)/n mg, more preferably (250±180)/n mg, still more         preferably (250±150)/n mg, yet more preferably (250±120)/n mg,         even more preferably (250±90)/n mg, most preferably (250±60)/n         mg, and in particular (250±35)/n mg or (250±30)/n mg; wherein n         is preferably 2, 3, 4; and/or     -   b) under in vitro conditions in 600 mL 0.1 N HCl, using the         basket method according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm, after 1 h under         physiological conditions, said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical         dosage form has released at most 60%, more preferably at most         55%, still more preferably at most 50%, yet more preferably at         most 45%, even more preferably at most 40%, most preferably at         most 35% and in particular at most 30% of the pharmacologically         active ingredient relative to the total amount of the         pharmacologically active ingredient originally contained in the         tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form; and/or     -   c) physiologically acceptable polymer is preferably selected         from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxides, nonionic         acrylates, anionic acrylates or cationic acrylates; and/or     -   d) said pharmacologically active ingredient is an opioid,         preferably selected from the group consisting of oxycodone,         oxymorphone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, morphine, tapentadol,         tramadol, buprenorphine, and the physiologically acceptable         salts thereof; and/or     -   e) said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprises         one or more further pharmacologically active ingredients         preferably an analgesic, more preferably selected from the group         consisting of paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen; and/or     -   f) said tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form comprises         one or more excipient(s).

In the above definitions, the features (a), (b), (c) . . . (f) are linked with “and/or”. For the purpose of specification, this means that the tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention preferably realizes all of said features (a), (b), (c) . . . (f) or merely a subgroup of said features (a), (b), (c) . . . (f). Preferred tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention realize at least feature (a); or at least features (a) and (b); or at least features (a), (b) and (c); or at least features (a), (b), (c) and (d); or at least features (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e); or at least features (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f);

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is adapted for administration once daily. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is adapted for administration once daily, preferably orally. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is adapted for administration twice daily, preferably orally. In still another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is adapted for administration thrice daily, preferably orally. In yet another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is adapted for administration more frequently than thrice daily, for example 4 times daily, 5 times daily, 6 times daily, 7 times daily or 8 times daily, in each case preferably orally.

For the purpose of the specification, “twice daily” means equal or nearly equal time intervals, i.e., about every 12 hours, or different time intervals, e.g., 8 and 16 hours or 10 and 14 hours, between the individual administrations.

For the purpose of the specification, “thrice daily” means equal or nearly equal time intervals, i.e., about every 8 hours, or different time intervals, e.g., 6, 6 and 12 hours; or 7, 7 and 10 hours, between the individual administrations.

The pharmaceutical dosage forms according to the invention may be used in medicine, e.g. as an analgesic. The pharmaceutical dosage forms are therefore particularly suitable for the treatment or management of pain. In such pharmaceutical dosage forms, the pharmacologically active ingredients and preferably are analgesically effective.

A further aspect of the invention relates to the pharmaceutical dosage form as described above for use in the treatment of pain.

A further aspect of the invention relates to the use of the pharmacologically active ingredient for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical dosage form as described above for treating pain.

A further aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating pain comprising the administration of the pharmaceutical dosage form as described above to a subject in need thereof.

A further aspect according to the invention relates to the use of a pharmaceutical dosage form as described above for avoiding or hindering the abuse of the pharmacologically active ingredient contained therein.

A further aspect according to the invention relates to the use of a pharmaceutical dosage form as described above for avoiding or hindering the unintentional overdose of the pharmacologically active ingredient contained therein.

In this regard, the invention also relates to the use of a pharmaceutical dosage form as described above for the prophylaxis and/or the treatment of a disorder, thereby preventing an overdose of the pharmacologically active ingredient, particularly due to comminution of the pharmaceutical dosage form by mechanical action.

EXAMPLES

The following examples further illustrate the invention but are not to be constured as limiting its scope

Cut Rods CR1 to CR3:

Cut rods of different weight but the following identical composition were manufactured:

Component wt.-% Oxycodone HCL 18.60 Polyethylene oxide 7.000.000 56.80 Hypromelose 100,000 mPas*s Ph. Eur 10.00 Macrogol 6000 Ph.Eur. 13.56 Alpha-Tocopherol Ph.Eur. 0.20 Citric acid anhydrous Ph.Eur. 0.84 Total 100

The cut rods were produced using a 5 mm nozzle by weighing the ingredients, sieving (Mesh size 1.0 mm), blending in a Bohle LM 40 MC 20, followed by extrusion using a twin-screw extruder Leistritz ZSE 27 Micro PH 40 D (melt temperature 124° C., screw rotation speed 100 rpm, die diameter 5.0 mm, melt pressure ca. 80 bar) equipped with 6 cooling injectors.

The weight of cut rods CR1, CR2 and CR3 was chosen such that the total weight of one cut rod CR1 corresponded to the total weight of two cut rods CR2 and three cut rods CR3, respectively. The extruded strands were cut with a Combi Cutting unit CC 250. Cut rods (CR1-CR3) of an average weight of 267 mg (CR1), 133 mg (CR2) and 89 mg (CR3) were obtained. Minimum, maximum and mean values of length, weight, and diameter of a total of 10 cut rods were evaluated:

Weight Length Diameter [mg] [mm] [mm] CR1 Min 262 10.36 3.31 Max 270 10.46 5.39 Mean 267 10.41 5.35 CR2 Min 125 4.87 5.32 Max 140 5.37 5.45 Mean 133 5.16 5.37 CR3 Min 85 3.23 5.29 Max 93 3.61 5.45 Mean 89 3.37 5.36

Lactose Tablets LT1 and LT2:

Round-shaped tablets of a diameter of 9 mm were manufactured from the following compositions using a tablet press EK0:

weight [mg] weight [mg] tablet lactose magnesium stearate LT1 310.86 3.14 LT2 410 0

Capsules A1 to A8 and Comparative Tablet A9:

The following hard gelantine capsules were employed:

weight size [mg] 000 162  0  95  1  75

Capsules A1 to A8 were prepared by filling the empty capsules with 1 to 3 cut rods and optionally with lactose tablets. Additionally a comparative tablet (A9) having the same composition as the cut rods was prepared by shaping a single, hot-melt extruded cut rod into tablet shape such that the pharmaceutical dosage form (=tablet) consisted of the cut rod and due to the absence of any further excipient(s), did not have a greater total weight than the cut rod as such:

Capsule Cut Number of Number of Type of size rod cut rods lactose tablets lactose tablet A1  0 CR1 1 0 — A2  0 CR2 2 0 — A3  0 CR3 3 0 — A4 000 CR1 1 0 — A5 000 CR2 2 1 LT1 A6 000 CR3 3 2 LT1 A7  0 CR1 1 0 — A8  0 CR1 1 0 LT2 A9 6 × 15 mm — — — — tablet

FIG. 9 depicts the visual appearance of the comparative tablets A9: imperfect shaping is marked with “I”. It becomes clear that in the course of shaping the outer silhouette of the tablet already was not perfectly formed and rounded. The outer edges of several tablets were not parallel to one another and the radius of curvature of the opposing front faces was different, not symmetric.

Dissolution Tests:

The release profiles of oxycodone HCl (average over n=3 measurements) from the capsules A1 were determined under in vitro conditions over a period of 12 hours in 0.1N HCl using the basket method, the Labswiss sinkers method and the Sotax sinkers method according to Ph. Eur. The table here below shows how the measured release profile depends on the method:

dissolution [%] (0.1 N HCl) t [min] (basket) (Labswiss sinker) (Sotax sinker) 60 18 21 22 120 30 34 36 480 79 83 86 600 88 92 94 720 95 94 95

FIG. 3 illustrates the dependence of the dissolution profile on the method of measuring drug release (basket, Labswiss sinker, Sotax sinker)

The table here below shows how the release profile (basket method) depends on the number of cut rods in the capsule in 0.1N HCl:

dissolution [%] (0.1 N HCl) A1 A2 A3 filling 1 CR1 2 CR2 3 CR3 t [min]  60 20 21 22 120 34 35 37 480 83 87 88 600 90 92 93 720 94 96 96

FIG. 4 shows the dissolution profiles of capsules A1, A2, and A3 in 0.1N HCl.

It becomes clear from the above data that when dividing the single cut rod CR1 of capsule A1 into 2 pieces of corresponding total weight (2 cut rods CR2 of capsule A2) and 3 pieces of corresponding total weight (3 cut rods CR3 of capsule A3), respectively, this does not significantly alter the release profile. This is particularly surprising, as one would usually expect that the smaller the particle size the faster the release profile.

The table below shows how the release profile (basket method) depends on the number of cut rods and lactose tablets in the capsule:

dissolution [%] (0.1 N HCl) A4 A5 A6 filling 1 CR1 2 CR2 + 1 LT1 3 CR3 + 2 LT1 t [min]  60 22  27 34 120 36  44 54 480 83  84 97 600 90  98 98 720 95 100 99

FIG. 5 shows the dissolution profiles of capsules A4, A5, and A6 in 0.1N HCl.

It appears that the lactose tablet serves as a barricade to avoid sticking of the cut rods. In the presence of the lactose tablets LT1, the release profile is accelerated. This effect is directly attributable to the presence of the lactose tablets, as it becomes clear from FIG. 4 that splitting up the number of particles from 1 (capsule A1) to 2 particles of the corresponding total weight (capsule A2) and 3 particles of the corresponding total weight (capsule A3), respectively, does not significantly alter the release profile.

The table below shows how the release profile (basket method) depends on the aqueous dissolution medium:

Dissolution A7 A8 A9 [%] type filling 1 CR1 1 CR1 + 1 LT2 comparative tablet medium 0,1N SIFsp, 0,1N 0,1N SIFsp, 0,1N 0,1N SIFsp, 0,1N HCl pH 6.8 HCl + HCl pH 6.8 HCl + HCl pH 6.8 HCl + 40% 40% 40% ethanol ethanol ethanol after 60 18 16 14 24 25 15 26 28 19 after 120 30 30 25 37 41 26 40 43 29 after 480 79 76 63 84 84 64 87 85 67 after 600 88 84 72 91 90 72 92 91 76 after 720 95 89 78 95 94 79 95 94 82

FIG. 6 shows the dissolution profiles of capsules A7 and A8 as well as of comparative tablet A9 in 0.1N HCl. FIG. 7 shows the dissolution profile of capsule A7 and A8 as well as of comparative tablet A9 in SIFsp, pH 6.8. FIG. 8 shows the dissolution profile of capsule A7 and A8 as well as of comparative tablet A9 in 0.1N HCl+40% ethanol.

Other Tests:

A core test battery for oral solids was used in accordance with the methods described in the general part of the description. Extraction from the intact dosage form was performed for 30 min in 30 ml water and in 30 ml 40% aqueous ethanol solution (obtained by mixing of boiling water and ethanol or by mixing of water at room temperature with ethanol). The results are summarized in the table here below:

assay [%]* A7 A8 A9 type/filling 1 CR1 1 CR1 + comparative 1 LT2 tablet intact dosage form 96.5 96.5 96.7 extraction water RT 0.3 0.0 15.8 extraction boiling water 24.6 28.2 26.5 extraction 40% ethanol 0.0 2.68** 9.7 i.v. injection 33.2 *** 27.5 *n = 2, **n = 1, ***No analysis possible, too jelly

The capsules were subjected to different tests in order to assess the tamper-resistance with respect to the oxycodone HCl contained in the cut rods.

-   -   The hammer test was performed with a weight of 500 g falling         from a height of 1000 mm.     -   The sieve analysis was performed after grinding 2 min with a         coffee grinder.     -   Resistance to crushing was tested with a Zwick device.

The results are summarized in the tables here below:

Hammer Test:

A7 A8 A9 type/filling 1 CR1 1 CR1 + comparative 1 LT2 tablet Falling weight [g]  500  500  500 Height of fall [mm] 1000 1000 1000 Category after hammer test + +   0 Category: ++ = fully intact, + = intact, 0 = deformed, − = severely damaged, −− = destroyed. Sieve Analysis after Grinding:

A7* A9* 1 CR1 comparative table Mesh size Fraction Fraction Fraction Fraction Fraction Fraction [mm] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] <0.063 −0.305 −0.3 −0.3 −0.5 −0.4 −0.5 0.063-0.090 −0.3 −0.3 −0.3 −0.5 −0.4 −0.5 0.090-0.125 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.125-0.180 0.6 0.6 −2.4 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.180-0.250 −1.2 1.8 1.8 −1.8 2.4 −1.8 0.250-0.355 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.8 0.355-0.500 4.3 4.1 4.1 1.8 1.6 1.8 0.500-0.710 9.1 8.9 8.9 9.2 8.1 4.6 0.710-1.000 12.5 12.1 15.1 14.2 16.5 14.2 1.000-1.400 25.9 22.2 31.1 34.4 34.3 25.2 1.400-2.000 32.3 34.3 28.4 44.0 30.6 30.3 2.000-2.800 14.6 11.2 11.2 12.8 7.3 17.4 2.800-4.000 0.9 3.8 0.9 −17.0 −2.8 6.0 >4.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 *The negative fraction sizes are for analytical reasons. The weight of the sieves is measured before and after sieving, and sieving results may deviate.

Less than 5% of the dosage forms could be ground to particles sizes of 355 mm or less, indicating a good resistance against the preparation of a nasal abusable powder. Sieve analysis was not performed for capsules A8 as it was considered usesless, because a very high amount of fines is already incorporated by the lactose surrounding the cut rod in the capsule. Thereby the amount of fines is not representative for the tamper resistance of the drug product.

Resistance to Crushing with a Zwick

A7 A8 A9 type/filling 1 CR1 1 CR1 + 1 LT2 comparative tablet F_(max) [N] 1502.2 1498.1 1494.1 1495.4 1494.2 1497.0 1492.9 1494.5 1493.7 S_(max) [mm] 16.8 16.6 16.7 16.9 16.8 16.60 10.2 10.1 10.0

None of the capsules showed any sign of fracture, however, the measured F_(max) is the highest measured force just below the measuring limit of 1500N.

Cut Rods CR4:

Cut rods having a total weight of 215 mg were produced according to the procedure disclosed above and having the composition as summarized in the table below:

m per capsule [mg] wt.-% Oxycodone HCl 5.00 2.33 Polyethylene oxide 7.000.000 150.51 70.00 Hypromellose 10000 mPa*s Ph. Eur 21.50 10.00 Macrogol 6000 Ph. Eur. 35.75 16.63 α-Tocopherol Ph. Eur. 0.43 0.20 Critic acid anhydrous Ph. Eur. 1.81 0.84 Total 215.00 100.00

The breaking strength (resistance to crushing) was measured using a Sotax HT 100 (DEAC-IN-00705). The cut rods displayed a breaking strength of 1000 N (mean value; n=3, with measured values b₁=b₂=b₃=1000N).

FIG. 10 shows the release profiles of one cut rod determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively.

Cut Rods CR5:

Cut rods having a total weight of 107.5 mg were produced according to the procedure disclosed above and having the composition as summarized in the table below:

m per capsule [mg] wt.-% Oxycodone HCl 2.50 2.33 Polyethylene oxide 7.000.000 75.255 70.00 Hypromellose 100000 mPa*s Ph. Eur 10.75 10.00 Macrogol 6000 Ph. Eur. 17.875 16.63 α-Tocopherol Ph. Eur. 0.215 0.20 Critic acid anhydrous Ph. Eur. 0.905 0.84 Total 107.50 100.00

FIG. 11 shows the release profiles of two cut rods determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. (one sinker per cut rod) at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively.

Capsule A 10:

Capsules comprising one cut rod were produced according to the procedure disclosed above. One cut rod (215 mg) was filled in a capsule (size 1). The composition of the capsule is summarized in the table below:

m per capsule [mg] wt.-% Oxycodone HCl 5.00 1.72 Polyethylene oxide 7.000.000 150.51 51.90 Hypromellose 100000 mPa*s Ph. Eur 21.50 7.41 Macrogol 6000 Ph. Eur. 35.75 12.33 α-Tocopherol Ph. Eur. 0.43 0.15 Critic acid anhydrous Ph. Eur. 1.81 0.62 empy capsule size 1 75.00 25.86 Total 290.00 100.00

The breaking strength (resistance to crushing) was measured using a Sotax HT 100 (DEAC-IN-00705). The capsules displayed a breaking strength of 63 N (mean value; n=3*; with measured values b₁=50 N; b₂=76 N; b₃=1000 N*).

-   -   The measured value b₃ was not included in the mean value of the         breaking strength because it was obtained from an incorrect         measurement (the capsule was crushed and the breaking strength         of the cut rod was measured instead).

FIG. 12 shows the release profiles of one cut rod in a capsule determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively.

Capsule A 11:

Capsules comprising two cut rods and a lactose tablet were produced according to the procedure disclosed above. Two cut rods (107.5 mg each) and a lactose tablet (72 mg) as spacer were filled in a capsule (size 1). The composition of the capsule is summarized in the table below:

m per capsule [mg] wt.-% Oxycodone HCl 5.00 1.38 Polyethylene oxide 7.000.000 150.51 41.58 Hypromellose 100000 mPa*s Ph. Eur 21.50 5.94 Macrogol 6000 Ph. Eur. 35.75 9.88 α-Tocopherol Ph. Eur. 0.43 0.12 Critic acid anhydrous Ph. Eur. 1.81 0.50 empy capsule size 1 75.00 20.72 Lactose tablet 72.00 19.89 Total 362.00 100.00

The breaking strength (resistance to crushing) was measured using a Sotax HT 100 (DEAC-IN-00705). The capsules displayed a breaking strength of 38 N (mean value; n=3*; with measured values b₁=1000 N*; b₂=31 N; b₃=45 N).

*The measured value b₁ was not included in the mean value of the breaking strength because it was obtained from an incorrect measurement (the capsule was crushed and the breaking strength of the cut rod was measured instead).

FIG. 13 shows the release profiles of two cut rods and a lactose tablet in a capsule determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively.

Mantle Tablet M1:

Layer-core-tablets (mantle-core-tablets) (9×21 mm, oblong) were produced using one cut rod (215 mg) as the core and an MCC-based mixture as the mantle. The MCC-based mixture was a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with 2 wt.-% maize starch as disintegrant and 1 wt.-% magnesium stearate. The composition of the mantle-core-tablets is summarized in the table below:

m per capsule [mg] wt.-% Oxycodone HCl 5.00 0.61 Polyethylene oxide 7.000.000 150.51 18.47 Hypromellose 100000 mPa*s Ph. Eur 21.50 2.64 Macrogol 6000 Ph. Eur. 35.75 4.39 α-Tocopherol Ph. Eur. 0.43 0.05 Critic acid anhydrous Ph. Eur. 1.81 0.22 MCC 582.00 71.41 Maize starch 12.00 1.47 Magnesium stearate 6.00 0.74 Total 815.00 100.00

The breaking strength (resistance to crushing) was measured using a Sotax HT 100 (DEAC-IN-00705). The mantle tablets displayed a breaking strength of 65 N (mean value; n=3; with measured values b₁=63 N; b₂=58 N; b₃=73 N).

FIG. 14 shows the release profiles of a mantle tablet determined under in vitro conditions (n=3) using the basket method with sinker according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm in 600 mL of SGF (pH 1.2) and SGF (pH 1.2)+40% ethanol, respectively.

Mantle Tablet M2:

Layer-core-tablets (mantle-core-tablets) (9×21 mm, oblong) were produced using two cut rods and a lactose tablet (72 mg) as cores and an MCC-based mixture as the mantle. The MCC-based mixture was a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with 2 wt.-% maize starch as disintegrant and 1 wt.-% magnesium stearate. The composition of the mantle-core-tablets is summarized in the table below:

m per capsule [mg] wt.-% Oxycodone HCl 5.00 0.64 Polyethylene oxide 7.000.000 150.51 19.12 Hypromellose 100000 mPa*s Ph. Eur 21.50 2.73 Macrogol 6000 Ph. Eur. 35.75 4.54 α-Tocopherol Ph. Eur. 0.43 0.05 Critic acid anhydrous Ph. Eur. 1.81 0.23 Lactose tablet 72.00 9.15 MCC 485.00 61.63 Maize starch 10.00 1.27 Magnesium stearate 5.00 0.64 Total 787.00 100.00

The breaking strength (resistance to crushing) was measured using a Sotax HT 100 (DEAC-IN-00705). The mantle tablets displayed a breaking strength of 19 N (mean value; n=3; with measured values b₁=18 N; b₂=21 N; b₃=17 N). 

1. A tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form for oral administration, said pharmaceutical dosage form being a capsule comprising: (a) one or more prolonged release particles, wherein each of said one or more particles: (i) comprises a pharmacologically active ingredient selected from the group consisting of opioids; (ii) comprises a physiologically acceptable polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers and polyalkylene oxides, wherein the physiologically acceptable polymer has a weight average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol, wherein the physiologically acceptable polymer is present in a content of at least 30 wt.-% relative to a total weight of the one or more particles, and wherein the pharmacologically active ingredient is embedded in a matrix comprising the physiologically acceptable polymer; (iii) has a breaking strength of at least 300 N; (iv) has a weight of at least 100 mg; and (v) optionally comprises a film-coating; and (b) one or more additional particles having a weight of less than 2 mg; wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight greater than a combined weight of the particles (a) and (b); and wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form contains no aversive agent and contains no antagonist; and wherein the pharmaceutical composition can be chewed without significantly deteriorating tamper-resistance and without significantly altering drug release.
 2. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the total volume of the pharmaceutical dosage form is greater than the total volume of the one or more particles.
 3. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the breaking strength of the pharmaceutical dosage form is below the breaking strength of the one or more particles.
 4. The pharmaceutical dosage form according claim 1, wherein the pharmacologically active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, morphine, tapentadol, tramadol, buprenorphine, and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
 5. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the content of the pharmacologically active ingredient is at least 1.0 wt.-%, based on the total weight of one of the one or more particles.
 6. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, which has released at most 50% of the pharmacologically active ingredient after 60 min measured under in vitro conditions and in accordance with Ph. Eur.
 7. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the pharmacologically active ingredient is embedded in a matrix material comprising the physiologically acceptable polymer.
 8. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredient that is contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form is contained in the one or more particles.
 9. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the physiologically acceptable polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene oxides, non-ionic acrylates, anionic acrylates and cationic acrylates.
 10. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the content of the physiologically acceptable polymer is at least 25 wt.-%, based on the total weight of one of the one or more particles.
 11. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, which contains at least two particles that are identical or differ from one another.
 12. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the one or more particles are of cylindrical shape.
 13. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein the one or more particles are melt-extruded.
 14. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein each of said one or more particles has a weight of at least 260 mg.
 15. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, wherein each of said one or more particles has a weight of at least 300 mg.
 16. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 1, which under in vitro conditions in 600 mL 0.1 N HCl, using the basket method according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm, after 1 h, has released at most 60% of the pharmacologically active ingredient relative to the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredients originally contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form.
 17. A tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form, said pharmaceutical dosage form being a capsule comprising: (a) one or more prolonged release particles, wherein each of said one or more particles: (i) comprises a first pharmacologically active ingredient selected from the group consisting of opioids; (ii) comprises a physiologically acceptable polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers and polyalkylene oxides, wherein the physiologically acceptable polymer has a weight average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol, wherein the physiologically acceptable polymer is present in a content of at least 30 wt.-% relative to a total weight of the one or more particles, and wherein the pharmacologically active ingredient is embedded in a matrix comprising the physiologically acceptable polymer; (iii) has a breaking strength of at least 300 N; (iv) has a weight of at least 100 mg; and (v) optionally comprises a film-coating; and (b) one or more additional particles having a weight of less than 2 mg; wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight greater than a combined weight of the particles (a) and (b); and wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form does not contain a second pharmacologically active ingredient; and wherein the pharmaceutical composition can be chewed without significantly deteriorating tamper-resistance and without significantly altering drug release.
 18. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 17, which under in vitro conditions in 600 mL 0.1 N HCl, using the basket method according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm, after 1 h, has released at most 60% of the pharmacologically active ingredient relative to the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredients originally contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form.
 19. A tamper-resistant pharmaceutical dosage form for oral administration, said pharmaceutical dosage form being a capsule comprising: (a) one or more particles, wherein each of said one or more particles: (i) comprises a prolonged release pharmacologically active ingredient selected from the group consisting of opioids; (ii) comprises a physiologically acceptable polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylic polymers and polyalkylene oxides, wherein the physiologically acceptable polymer has a weight average molecular weight of at least 200,000 g/mol, wherein the physiologically acceptable polymer is present in a content of at least 30 wt.-% relative to a total weight of the one or more particles, and wherein the pharmacologically active ingredient is embedded in a matrix comprising the physiologically acceptable polymer; (iii) has a breaking strength of at least 300 N; (iv) has a weight of at least 20 mg; and (v) optionally comprises a film-coating; and (b) one or more additional particles having a weight of less than 2 mg; wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form has a total weight greater than a combined weight of the particles (a) and (b); wherein the one or more particles number “n,” where n=1, 2, 3 or 4, and each of said n particles has a weight within the range of (250±150)/n mg; and wherein the pharmaceutical dosage form contains no aversive agent and contains no antagonist; and wherein the pharmaceutical composition can be chewed without significantly deteriorating tamper-resistance and without significantly altering drug release.
 20. The pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim 19, which under in vitro conditions in 600 mL 0.1 N HCl, using the basket method according to Ph. Eur. at 75 rpm, after 1 h, has released at most 60% of the pharmacologically active ingredient relative to the total amount of the pharmacologically active ingredients originally contained in the pharmaceutical dosage form.
 21. A method of treating pain in a patient in need of such treating, said method comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutical dosage form according to claim
 1. 